Analysis of Song of Solomon Essay - 1208 Words

Song of Solomon Significance of Title: Relates to the song about Milkman’s great grandfather, Solomon, also the name of last book in the Old Testament. Reveals underlying connections and message of novel. Setting: A city near Lake Superior, Not Doctor Street, Danville, Shalimar POV: Third person limited omniscient, Reader feels as if apart of cities and lifestyles, does not reveal all character thoughts. Plot: Begins with Mr. Smith about to jump from Mercy Hospital, Time skip to the Dead family, Macon Jr still breast fed at four years old by mother, Freddie (town crier) sees this, Macon Jr forever named Milkman, Time skip eight years, Milkman befriends Guitar, Both go to visit Pilate/Milkman’s aunt, They learn how to make soft†¦show more content†¦Peacock appears in moments of greed (Guitar gold discussion scene) Ghost Appearances- Pilate see’s Macon the 1st/Jake occasionally, Represents a guiding force, Pilate believes in supernatural, Contrasts with Milkmanâ€⠄¢s disbelief in superstition, Alludes to Milkman’s disconnect from life. Egg Recipe- Symbolizes Pilates openness and carefree demeanor, Contrasts with Milkman’s indifference, Milkman goes with the flow- does not let himself develop in peace. Also represents balance, Perfect egg requires balance and timing, Milkman lacks balance, Results in vain and inhumane personality. Birth Stories- Contains ties to supernatural elements, Conditions that cannot be controlled, Pilate born with no belly button, Results in independence and self-reliance. Reiterates idea of supernatural guiding forces. Lena’s Tree- Symbolizes Milkman’s debilitating effect of those close to him, Milkman ruins life of Corinthian, Represents Milkman’s lack of self-reliance, always dependent on others, Reveals Milkman’s arroganceShow MoreRelatedSong Of Solomon Character Analysis1415 Words   |  6 Pages Song of Solomon Topic #5 LAP Abid Ahmad Abid Ahmad 1 The names given to the characters in a book are in many cases the poetic insight to their role and their traits. In this manner, a character’s name can sometimes tell the reader more about them than any specific sentence in the book. This is very much the case with Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon. The characters in the book have names that directly correlate with their role and individual traits. This is the caseRead MoreAnalysis Of Song Of Solomon1366 Words   |  6 Pagesdark skinned and believe that race is what decides your social status therefore they become influenced by what they believe is correct and good. Others love their race and believe that it is there mission to even the racial ratio. In the novel Song of Solomon you get a perspective of everyone’s racial views. Racism touches and influences every characters life in different ways. Racial views causes the most calm and rational people to become cold hearted Murderers. Such acts can led one to bec ome desensitizedRead MoreSong Of Solomon Character Analysis1582 Words   |  7 Pageschallenged or put in perspective. In Song of Solomon by Toni Morrison, Macon Dead the Third, nicknamed Milkman, is the embodiment of someone who is coming of age. Milkman is unaware of who he is and he must come to face with stumbling drawbacks in order to pursuit on who he is as an individual. In search of this there’s no incertitude, that you must reflect on yourself personally and socially to apprehend who you desire to be. In Song of Solomon, Milkman experiences various changesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Song Of Solomon Essay2260 Words   |  10 PagesThe Song of Solomon is a series of love poems between two young lovers. It is a part of the third section of the Hebrew Bible. This text was most likely written in the time of Solomon, around the mid 10th century BC, or soon thereafter. Although, the date of its origin is disputed. Authorship of this text is ambiguous although some believe that this text is dedicated to Solomon. This text, although brief, has been widely studied in both the Jewish and Christian traditions. This song has been interpretedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel The Song Of Solomon 1540 Words   |  7 Pagesfactors of growth and maturity. The former children go from self-centered, and blind to the outside world, to cultivated men who understand what it means to represent their kin and who can learn from what their predecessors have endured. The novel â€Å"Song Of Solomon† piggybacks this concept by following the journey of a black man from his birth to his rebirth which gracefully intertwines many of the lessons and falls he encounters throughout his adventure. By the end of the novel, Milkman (Macon Dead III)Read MoreSong Of Solomon Literary Analysis770 Words   |  4 PagesSong of Solomon, an African American literature, by Toni Morrison written in 1977, is about Macon Dead who observes his estranged sister, Pilate, and her family from a distance. Macon and Pilate have a re mote relationship. It appears that Pilate and her family do not recall the existence of Macon instead, he is a past recollection. Despite Pilate and the familys isolated correlation, Macon acknowledges their presence and existence, looking through the window from the outside, he begins reminiscingRead MoreSong Of Solomon Milkman Analysis1097 Words   |  5 PagesToni Morrison wrote Song of Solomon based off of her personal life and her love for African American culture. Morrison’s personal beliefs and values are widely expressed all throughout the novel, with the main center around flight as a means of personal salvation. Rooted in the 1950’s through the 1970’s, a time of racial tensions and segregation, Macon Dead III, also known as Milkman, learns the importance of his history and embraces flight. Morrison’s depth of thought was very complex as she depictedRead MoreSong Of Solomon Literary Analysis1163 Words   |  5 Pagesin those following years. Ji m Crow laws separated blacks and whites in public areas. Song of Solomon by Tori Morrison demonstrated the diverse lives black communities live, with multiple symbolisms of racial prejudice and segregation. Lower or extending a monthly rent, Emmitt Till being murdered as well as lower and higher selfish incomes are racial prejudices and segregation Morrison describes. Song of Solomon is based between 1930s and 1960s. Morrison’s main protagonists are predominantly blackRead MoreAnalysis Of Robert Smith And Solomon All In Song Of Solomon1267 Words   |  6 Pagessuicide, escape and abandonment as a way to â€Å"fly away† from the horrors faced in their life. It changed the normally depressing action into a heroic one and gave hope of a day when they too could leave oppression. Milkman, Robert Smith and Solomon all In Song of Solomon, selective perception of flying is used to portray escape from the burdens placed on the African American community. The book begins with Robert Smith, a member of the Seven Days jumping off â€Å"No Mercy Hospital† the day Milkman is bornRead MoreSong of Solomon Milkman Character Analysis1288 Words   |  6 PagesIn Song of Solomon Toni Morrison tells a story of one black mans journey toward an understanding of his own identity and his African American roots.   This black man, Macon Milkman Dead III, transforms throughout the novel from a naà ¯ve, egocentric, young man to a self-assured adult with an understanding of the importance of morals and family values.   Milkman is born into the burdens of the materialistic values of his father and the weight of a racist society.   Over the course of his journey into

The Concept of the Individual in Literature of the...

This essay will explore how the newly important concept of the individual in literature of the Romantic period influenced the genre, and in particular how this was a response to the rationalization of nature and neglect of the individual upheld by the Enlightenment Movement. In order to demonstrate this, a close analysis of some poetic works by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth and William Blake will be examined. The Romantic period placed great importance on creativity, imagination and the value of the self, Wordsworth and Coleridge were particularly influential in Britain with regards to the burgeoning of the movement. The movement of romanticism and its concern with the importance of the individual was the†¦show more content†¦We as readers are also allowed access to his imagination and inner progress of thought. The second stanza reflects on childhood experiences and how the sight of the ‘stranger the soot on the bars, reminded him of the fluttering film on the grate he watched as a schoolboy. The memories Coleridge has of his schooldays he recalls somewhat ruefully as he clearly felt disconnected from nature and almost trapped in the city within which he lived, especially after his early memories of the countryside of Devon in which he resided as an infant; With unclosed lids, already had I dreamt Of my sweet birth-place, and the old church-tower, Whose bells, the poor mans only music, rang From morn to evening, all the hot Fair-day, (Coleridge Complete Poetical Works, pg 240) The reflections that Coleridge describes with such poetic intensity is an exploration of the individual. Michael Alexander writes that ‘Imagination was for the Romantics a means of access to truths which were psychic not rational (A History of English Literature, pg 223) Coleridges inner thoughts are portrayed with the vivid use of his imagination and exploration of his psychic depth in order to not only paint a mental picture of his landscape but to also enable his readers access to his past, present and hopes for the future. William Blake was also a Romantic writer that was essential to the exploration of the individual in Romantic Literature, he was deeplyShow MoreRelatedRomanticism : The Age Of Reason1210 Words   |  5 Pagesfine arts and literature that focuses on passion imagination and intuition rather than emphasizing on reason and logic. There are no restraints or order in Romanticism; complete spontaneous actions are welcome in this style of writing. Romanticism, or also known as the â€Å"The Romantic Period†, refers to the cultural movements that occurred in England, Europe, and America from 1770 to the 1860s. In this literary period, romantic writers saw themselves revolting against another period called the â€Å"AgeRead MoreThe Importance Of The Romantic Period And Feeling Melancholy1486 Words   |  6 Pages The Importance of the Romantic Period and Feeling Melancholy Romanticism; it s definitely a term that resembles some sort of soft, rose-tinted obscurity to its mysterious meaning. According to the online version of the Merriam-Webster dictionary, romanticism can be defined as a movement â€Å"characterized chiefly by a reaction against neoclassicism and an emphasis on the imagination and emotions†¦ an exaltation of the primitive and the common man, an appreciation of externalRead MoreThe Romantic Movement : The Influence Of The Romantic Era731 Words   |  3 Pagesvirtually any other social media would not exist as they do in 2016 without the influence of the Romantic Era. Though the Romantic Era occurred over 200 years ago, its characteristics are an intrinsic part of today’s culture and society. The Romantic Era was well know for attributes such as the feelings of intense emotion, individuality, imagination, and an ardour for the natural realm. The Romantic Movement aimed to overthrow the ideas of logic and order that Neoclas sicism, the era proceeding RomanticismRead MoreRomanticism in Music1653 Words   |  7 Pagesthe early twentieth century. Drastic changes in the arts took place over the course of this time period. During this movement, much emphasis was placed on emotion and imagination in the arts. Prior to the Romantic Period, music had been seen more as recreation and njoyment than as an integral part of culture. The term Romanticism was first used in England and Germany in reference to a form of literature. It soon after spread to music and the visual arts. Romanticism was largely a product of twoRead MoreRomanticism in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell by William Blake1393 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Blakes Poem William Blake was a poet, painter, and a printmaker all during the period in literature known as the Romantic time period. The Romantic time period, also known in Literature as Romanticism began in Europe, mainly France and Britain around the 1800s (Barker) and it was first defined as a tool to in literature and literary criticisms (Galitz). The Romantic period did not just focus on literature, but also on the subjects of art and knowledge which was fueled by the French RevolutionRead MoreWilliam Wordsworth s The Preface923 Words   |  4 Pagesrevolution was the publication of William Wordsworth’s â€Å"The Preface,† which was a part of the Lyrical Ballads, in which he stated his exact intentions for the Romantic Period of literature. This period exemplified the radical changes that were beginning to occur in Europe, as well as other places around the world. In general, writers of this period expressed themselves through the use of imagination and emotion instead of scholarly thoughts. In other words, they sought to use their inner eye in orderRead MorePeriods of English Literature1515 Words   |  7 Pagescenturies of literature have depicted a variety of mentalities and lifestyles. . Centuries could pass, and not many changes could be easily perceived by the common man, as those changes came gradually. Yet those changes can be readily discerned when looking at England as a whole, not looking at parts of history individually. The alterations of life, when looked at from a certain literary viewpoint, can be explained when one looks at the different periods in English literature, seeing the depictionsRead MoreRelationship Between Platonic And Romantic Relationships1477 Words   |  6 Pagestransition from childhood to emerging adulthood consists of a unique and distinctive period in an individual’s life regarding their network of platonic and romantic relationships. Extra-familial relationships become more central in an individual’s social world; thus, an individual’s capacity for intimate relationships begins to develop with both friends and romantic partners (Allen Land, 1999). Simultaneously, a romantic partner quickly becomes the focu s in one’s relationship hierarchy (Collins vanRead MoreThe Historical Events Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1595 Words   |  7 Pagesranked as literature; or it may start off as literature and then come to be valued for its archaeological significance† (Eagleton 7). As British philosopher, Terry Eagleton, eloquently explains, literature and history are deeply intertwined. Literature is heavily influenced by the history it is surrounded by; this sphere of influence includes prominent leaders, religions, wars, revolutions, and much more. Many classics show the influence of well-known historical events of their time period such as:Read MoreThe French Revolution Of The 18th Century907 Words   |  4 PagesRevolution marked the beginning of the Romantic Period, effectively inspiring poets to pursue raw emotion rather than logic or reason as in the previous age. In turn, the revolution gave great influence to several key social poets of the time such as Willi am Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge. Accordingly, these poets illustrated the ideals of these revolutionary beliefs to reach the public consciousness of their society through poetic portrayals of the individual achieving greatness or personal understanding

Innovation and Risk Management †Free Sample Assignment

Question: Discuss about the Innovation and Risk Management? Answer: Introduction In the following essay, a critical analysis has been conducted on the seven-dimension design of innovation strategy of one of the best innovative British company, Dyson Ltd. Founded by James Dyson in 1993, Dyson Ltd. deals with the manufacture of domestic equipments like bladeless fans, hand dryers, heaters and specially, vacuum cleaners (Rubalcaba et al. 2012). Dysons plan was to spend a large fraction of the profit on research and innovation of even better products rather than on advertising. Dyson understood that, even if products have a brand value, if quality decreases day by day, or some other company develops better quality products, the customers will not buy his products (Waller and Sag 2014). This essay is based on a critical study analyzing the innovation and management policies of Dyson Ltd., which have favored the meteoric rise of the company. This essay also analyzes the basic seven-fold innovation framework that forms the basis of innovation management of every company. Study on Innovation Strategy Framework The meteoric rise of Dyson Ltd. in global market owes to the fact that initially, James Dyson spent most of the profits on research and innovation studies. Although vacuum cleaners were available since 1901, James Dyson made a breakthrough by inventing the Dual Cyclone TM vacuum cleaner (Cassia et al. 2012). This new and efficient model easily attracted customers to buy from Dyson. A large share of the profit gained by the company was used to fund further research work and appointing new engineers. Dyson Ltd. has since kept firm control over the domestic electronics market, owing to its innovative and efficient models and cost-effective products (Rubalcaba et al. 2012). The company continues to research to innovate even better and modernized products and even working on the idea to mix regular domestic equipments with computer software technology (Stilgoe et al. 2013). According to various researchers and marketing analysts, there is a basic seven dimensional innovation framework (Smyth 2013). Every innovative company must follow this framework in order to achieve success in global market (Cassia et al. 2012). This seven-dimension framework is as follows: Strategic Innovation Procedure - According to a research conducted by Kiron et al. (2013), a strategic innovation management process is needed to analyze peoples needs and manufacture products according to them. In addition, planning should be made in order to innovate new products that might be needed by people in the future (Anderson et al. 2014). In order to keep pace with the competitors and changing global markets, this innovation strategy is necessary for any innovative company. This process generally involves both traditional and unconventional elements. It is used to analyze beyond market and consumer trends. It is also a standpoint of providing an important breakthrough including radical ideas, status challenges and advancement in the right path. This also involves a teamwork, which involves exchange of ideas, exploration, creative ideas, mediation and improvement in group-projects (Klionsky et al. 2012). Strategy Alignment - Alignment towards a fixed strategy policy is to be followed by stakeholders and higher authorities of the company (Zott and Amit 2015). This policy mainly involves maintaining the goals and guidelines policy as structured by the company. Another duty of the leaders is to motivate and encourage the workers to work more efficiently and manufacture products of the best possible quality. This will ultimately help the company to grow in international markets (Waller and Sag 2014). Foresight of Market Demands - As opined by Cassia et al. (2012), the most important part of the strategy for companies should be to foresee the future market demands and supply from industries. This will help the company to cope with the changing foreign markets and achieve global success (Smyth 2013). In addition, foreseeing market demands helps the company to undergo suitable changes to meet general needs (Klionsky et al. 2012). Consumer Insight - Consumer insight is necessary for the company to maintain a good customer base and meet the general needs of people. Regular supply of quality products helps the company to increase its customer base (Stilgoe et al. 2013). As opined by Owen et al. (2013), consumer insight is a qualitative approach that converts insights into actions. Generally an imaginative approach, it demands deep understanding of demands and proper innovations to fulfill such demands. Core Technology - This strategy includes utilization of latest technological devices by the company for the production of goods rather than sticking with old methods to maintain a brand value (Davenport 2013). This is needed to compete in a changing market demands and produce futuristic products to encourage customers to buy them. Organized Management - For any company to design a viable and successful marketing and production strategy, an organized management system is important. A suitable management system is also needed to operate the financial and production aspects of the company (Owen et al. 2013). There are three ways to achieve this cultural readiness, structural readiness and process readiness (Stilgoe et al. 2013). These refer to the readiness of the company by fixing a complete mindset regarding cultural, organizational and operational activities. Disciplined Approach - According to Kahn et al. (2012), the success of innovations and application strategies depend on the approach followed by a company. Success is only gained when the innovations are applied in a disciplined and strategic way in the international markets (Zott and Amit 2015). When a company has completed its quota of innovations roster, a new white and blank space is to be designed to pursue new directions in innovations and inventions (Tidd 2014). Every company should properly understand the differences between innovation and invention. Innovation is finding new possibilities to upgrade an existing product to increase its efficiency, quality and viability. On the other hand, invention refers to creating an entirely new product that was not available before (Cassia et al. 2012). A successful invention is the design of a new product that will be useful and cost efficient. In other words, invention is the formulation of a new product, while innovation is the application of a new idea to upgrade an existing product. Furthermore, innovation is necessary to present a product in an attractive package to attract customers (Kiron et al. 2013). Dyson Ltd. generally follows this seven-fold framework structure in addition to their own marketing and operational policies. The company, after gaining massive success worldwide, the company aims to execute a very risky and bold expansion plan for increasing brand value even more (Stilgoe et al. 2013). The company also aims to appoint more than 3000 new engineers and experienced designers at its services to promote growth. In addition, the company has already taken initiative by buying several hardware and software analysts, which has increased the size of the engineering team of the company (Tidd 2014). Dyson Ltd. have also set up a new robotic research lab as a part of its innovation development program (Rubalcaba et al. 2012). Dyson also bought rights of a LED lighting company that acted separately even if it was a subsidiary to Dyson Ltd (Klionsky et al. 2012). All these activities are indications that Dyson Ltd. had everlasting plans for innovations and growth, and in addition to it, gain even more share in the global market. Unlike other multinational successful companies, Dyson did not have a particular and unique product to start with, rather, it started by upgrading an already existing product. For this reason, the life span of the company initially depended on the success of their innovative ideas (Cassia et al. 2012). While some companies emphasize on designs only for the sake of it, Dyson emphasizes on designs of products only if they increase the quality and efficiency of the product (Stilgoe et al. 2013). Currently, the company has decided to add a touch of software design and computerized programming to the general domestic products like vacuum cleaner and others (Davenport 2013). One example of its successful application is the new 360 Eye Vacuum Cleaner, which is termed as a robotic vacuum cleaner by some researchers. This 360 Eye is a giant leap by Dyson in the field of innovation (Owen et al. 2013). In general, the innovation policies of companies are driven by several factors. These are discussed as follows: Market regulations regarding unique products are to be reduced. This helps in expansion of business and provides opportunity to supply more incentives for innovation research. In addition, more foreign investments can be implemented, increasing funds for research and an opportunity to reach a foreign market (Davenport 2013). There should be a stable macro economy in addition to low rates of interest. This accelerates the growth of innovation research, since this creates a stable and cost-friendly environment for adequate investment (Kahn et al. 2012). External and internal finances should be kept available for successful operation of research (Cassia et al. 2012). An expansion should be supported for public research. This is important to support business in sector research, although this will involve employment of a huge work force (Kiron et al. 2013). In any case, the key strategy question remains how to strike a proper harmony between giving motivations and prizes to workers and giving access of new information to clients. Over the later part, the equation has been moving more for right holders, in any event, mostly in response to changing conditions additionally as a planned move towards "genius IPR approaches". (Klionsky et al. 2012) These approaches have brought about specific accomplishments, for example, the advancement of innovation moves in colleges that have advanced protection policy of open examination (Newman et al. 2013). Here comes the point of development of the biotech division, which would have been not conceivable without licenses on hereditary creations and the augmentation of funding based new companies, which generally depend on intellectual properties of individuals working for a company (Owen et al. 2013). James Dyson's story is mythical in entrepreneurship itself. According to Smyth (2013), the company strictly follows the policy of never say die. Certainly, this policy has been the recipe for success for Dyson, but might also be a good recipe for failure (if not executed properly). Dyson's early success can be attributed to its severe perseverance, but also to the commitment of funding for innovation and development programs (Estampe et al. 2013). James Dyson sometimes thinks of himself as an artist, and seemingly, that this is integral to his planning and strategies (Davenport 2013). According to James Dyson himself, if a regular customer buys a Dyson vacuum cleaner, according to regular statistics, more customers will be encouraged to buy similar product if the product works perfectly (Klionsky et al. 2012). This is the basic radical level of innovation, which is followed by Dyson Ltd. Dysons long-term investment plan continues even after a particular product has been sold to a regular customer (Smyth 2013). This includes an excellent and prompt customer care service, which is ready to help anytime if a customer faces some problems regarding the companys products (Kahn et al. 2012). The basic philosophy of Dyson Ltd. is to treat their customers in a good and prompt manner. Most of the electrical appliances companies hire external electrical service agents to address problems faced by customers (Owen et al. 2013). However, that is not the case for Dyson. They always ensure best help and advice for the customers. All these factors, which include marketing policies, strategies, innovation plans, funding for innovation research program for manufacture of modern and quality products, have led to the massive growth of the company (Kiron et al. 2013). Dyson Ltd. has established itself as one of the standout innovative companies in the whole world. Conclusion In spite of experiencing massive global success, several controversies arose regarding Dyson Ltd. and its chairperson Sir James Dyson. Although Dyson Ltd. had its own innovation strategy framework, the advertising campaigns conducted by the company was interpreted to be directly criticizing one of its rival companies. According to Dyson, teaching foreign students is like preparing the rivals to compete against themselves. For the growth and development of a multinational company like Dyson Ltd., the company officials and the chairperson himself should avoid these kinds of controversies, else these will enrage common people, and that would be a huge blow to the business of Dyson Ltd. in the global market. These activities of Dyson are thought to be secret marketing strategies of Dyson in order to gain success, compete against the rival companies and keep a strong control over global market without disclosing any strategy to anyone. References Anderson, N., Potocenik, K. and Zhou, J., 2014. Innovation and creativity in organizations a state-of-the-science review, prospective commentary, and guiding framework.Journal of Management,40(5), pp.1297-1333. Cassia, L., De Massis, A. and Pizzurno, E., 2012. Strategic innovation and new product development in family firms: An empirically grounded theoretical framework.International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior Research,18(2), pp.198-232. Davenport, T.H., 2013.Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. Estampe, D., Lamouri, S., Paris, J.L. and Brahim-Djelloul, S., 2013. A framework for analysing supply chain performance evaluation models.International Journal of Production Economics,142(2), pp.247-258. Kahn, K.B., Barczak, G., Nicholas, J., Ledwith, A. and Perks, H., 2012. An examination of new product development best practice.Journal of Product Innovation Management,29(2), pp.180-192. Kiron, D., Kruschwitz, N., Haanaes, K., Reeves, M. and Goh, E., 2013. The innovation bottom line.MIT Sloan Management Review,54(3), p.1. Kiron, D., Kruschwitz, N., Reeves, M. and Goh, E., 2013. The benefits of sustainability-driven innovation.MIT Sloan Management Review,54(2), p.69. Klionsky, D.J., Abdalla, F.C., Abeliovich, H., Abraham, R.T., Acevedo-Arozena, A., Adeli, K., Agholme, L., Agnello, M., Agostinis, P., Aguirre-Ghiso, J.A. and Ahn, H.J., 2012. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.Autophagy,8(4), pp.445-544. Newman, T.J., Agarwal, A., Dowling, A.P., Desvard, L. and Stimpson, R., 2013, June. A six sensor method for measuring acoustic properties in ducts. InProceedings of Meetings on Acoustics(Vol. 19, No. 1, p. 015085). Acoustical Society of America. Owen, R., Stilgoe, J., Macnaghten, P., Gorman, M., Fisher, E. and Guston, D., 2013. A framework for responsible innovation.Responsible innovation: managing the responsible emergence of science and innovation in society, pp.27-50. Rubalcaba, L., Michel, S., Sundbo, J., Brown, S.W. and Reynoso, J., 2012. Shaping, organizing, and rethinking service innovation: a multidimensional framework.Journal of Service Management,23(5), pp.696-715. Smyth, D., 2013. How is the scope of protection of a registered Community design to be determined?.Journal of Intellectual Property Law Practice, p.jpt004. Stilgoe, J., Owen, R. and Macnaghten, P., 2013. Developing a framework for responsible innovation.Research Policy,42(9), pp.1568-1580. Tidd, J., 2014. Conjoint innovation: Building a bridge between innovation and entrepreneurship.International Journal of Innovation Management,18(01), p.1450001. Waller, S.W. and Sag, M., 2014. Promoting innovation.Iowa L. Rev.,100, p.2223. Zott, C. and Amit, R., 2015. Business Model Innovation: Toward a Process Perspective.The Oxford Handbook of Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship, p.395.

Old age free essay sample

. INTRODUCTION Due to rapid, change in social life pattern and urbanization the institution of family, which is the main social institution, is broken down. The joint family system is rapidly diminishing which resulted in paramount socio economic problems. In Pakistan, more than 6,400 Million populations out of 150. 000 Million are over the age of 60 years. Therefore, it is the responsibility of state and need of the hour to give immediate care and support to old and infirm persons. In this context, Social Welfare Development Bait? ul? Maal Department, Government of the Punjab has initiated the scheme titled â€Å"Strengthening of Existing Old Age Homes and Establishment of 3 More Homes in Punjab†. The project was commenced in December 2005 and the actual completion date of the project was 30th June, 2012. The project was approved with an original planned cost of Rs. 216. 741 million and it was revised four times with planned cost of Rs. 103. 157 million, Rs. We will write a custom essay sample on Old age or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 127. 597 million, Rs. 123. 552 million and Rs. 216. 741 million respectively while the gestation period of the project increased to thirty six (36) months in final revision of the project. The actual cost of the project remained Rs. 216. 93266 million which is higher then the planned project cost in 4th revision of the project PC? I. The request for PC? IV evaluation of the project was submitted after the closure of the project on 7th November, 2012 to Directorate General of Monitoring Evaluation, Planning Development Department. 1. 1 THE EVALUATION REPORT: PURPOSE STRUCTURE This evaluation report is divided into five different parts. The first part starts with introduction giving details about the project domain and structure of the project evaluation report. The second part of this report focuses on evaluation methodology, followed by documents review, selection of performance indicators, project site visit plan etc. The third part of the report depicts the DGME’s assessment pertaining to the actual status of the project performance against its planned objectives and data analysis based on project cost. The fourth part of report consists of observations regarding the project activities made by the evaluation team of DGME, PD Department. The fifth and the most critical part reflect recommendations for effective use of project outcomes and resources. This section addresses the suggestions for improvement in project planning and execution as well as, 1 | P a g e identifying matters requiring follow up actions. The rationale for recommendations is clearly explained and linked with the information collected during evaluation. 1. 2 THE PROJECT Following is the project information as per PC? I PC? IV. Table 1: Project Brief Project Title Strengthening of Existing Old Age Homes And Establishment of 3 More Homes in Punjab Location Sahiwal, Narowal, T. T. Singh, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Multan Sponsoring Ministry/ Agency Department of Social Welfare Bait? ul? Maal, Department Punjab. Execution Agency (s) Directorate General of Social Welfare, Bait? ul? Maal , Department Punjab Operation Maintenance Department of Social Welfare and Bait? ul? Maal Punjab PC ­I Original cost 216. 741 Million PC ­1 Revised cost (2006 ­2007) 103. 157 Million PC ­2nd Revised cost (2009 ­2010) 127. 597 Million PC ­3rd Revised cost (2009 ­2010) 123. 552 Million PC ­4th Revised cost (2011 ­2012) 216. 741 Million PC ­IV Actual Cost 216. 93266 Million Planned Start Date 22nd December, 2005 Planned End Date June 2008 Revised End Date June 2012 Actual End Date June 2012 Beneficiaries Old age and shelter less people 2 | P a g e 1. 3 PROJECT OBJECTIVES Department of Social Welfare strives for the welfare development of all segments of population Department of Social Welfare has established many Institutions for orphans, homeless and shelter less etc persons. This scheme is also in continuation of department’s ambition to expand the network of old age homes for male and female in the whole province. The following objectives were defined in the PC? I of the project: 1) Strengthening of existing Old Age Homes of Lahore, Multan Rawalpindi by providing these homes with least equipment, furniture and additional staff so that these homes may develop a better service delivery system. 2) Establishment of 3 new Old Age Homes at the district of Narowal, Sahiwal T. T. Singh. 3) To provide facilities like boarding loading, food, clothes, regular medical Checkup recreational services to inmates. 4) To provide Counseling Services. 5) To establish Senior citizen`s club through active involvement of community members. 6) Technical/vocational skill development training in collaboration with the other social welfare institutions. 3 | P a g e 2. METHODOLOGY Following criteria has been use to carry out evaluation of the project as elaborated in flow chart as given in Figure 1; 2. 1 TEAM FORMATION Evaluation team was constituted in a meeting held in the office of DGME for evaluation of the project having expertise in project’s domain, data collection methods, data analysis and interpretation along with preparation of evaluation report. The project was assign to Mr. Majid Ali Khan, Statistical Data Processor for evaluation purposes. 2. 2 DOCUMENTS REVIEW Following project documents, evaluation tools and techniques were consulted. 1. Planning Commission Form? I (PC? I, Original Revised) of the Project 2. Planning Commission Form? IV (PC? IV) of the Project 2. 3 IDENTIFICATION OF KEY INDICATORS Project performance parameters are defined in the following term; i) Project cost ii) Project time duration iii) Project achievements against its per approved objectives targets †¢ Enrollment of Old inmate (50 males 50 female) †¢ Facilities like boarding loading, food, clothes, regular medical Checkup †¢ Pre? vocational/technical skill development †¢ Counseling Services †¢ Establishment of Senior citizen`s club 2. 4 PROJECT SITE VISITS The randomly selected project sites were visited by the Evaluation Team of the Directorate General, Monitoring Evaluation, Planning Development Department for data collection evaluation purposes on July 22nd November, 2012 and 5th December, 2012. Detail has been given in the ensuing paragraph; 4 | P a g e Table 2: Plan for Evaluation along with detail of Team Members SR # 1. 2. LOCATION/DISTRICT DATE OF VISITS Existing Old Age Home (Multan) 22. 11. 2012 New Old Age Home (Narowal) 05. 12. 2012 TEAM MEMBERS 1. Muhammad Azhar (System Administrator) 2. Majid Ali Khan (Statistical Data Processor) 3. Muhammad Asif (Data Entry Operator) 1. Majid Ali Khan (Statistical Data Processor) 2. Muhammad Asif (Data Entry Operator) 2. 5 INTERVIEWS WITH PROJECT OFFICIALS The interviews and telephonic conversation were conducted with the following project official. Table 3: Detail of the Project Officials interviewed SR # NAME DESIGNATION DEPARTMENT CONTACT # 1 Ms. Sofia Shahida Research Officer Social Welfare 0334? 4365276 2 Mr. Javed Butt DEO, Narowal Office Official Social Welfare 0346? 4484836 5 | P a g e Fig 1: Flow chart/ Schematic diagram for project evaluation 6 | P a g e 3. DGME ASSESSMENT The DGME assessment has been carried out regarding planned objectives as well as planned targets of the project as following:? Table 4: DGME Assessment of Planned Objective/Targets ACTIVITIES/TARGETS DGME ASSESSMENT †¢ Strengthening of existing Old Age Homes of Lahore, Multan Rawalpindi by providing these homes with least equipment, furniture and additional staff so that these homes may develop a better service delivery system Partially Achieved †¢ Establishment of 3 new Old Age Homes at the district of Narowal, Sahiwal T. T. Singh Achieved †¢ Facilities like boarding loading, food, clothes, regular medical Checkup recreational services Partially Achieved †¢ Counseling Services Partially Achieved †¢ Senior citizen`s club through active involvement of community members Not Achieved †¢ Technical/vocational skill development training in collaboration with the other social welfare institutions Not Achieved 3. 1 PROJECT COST ANALYSIS 1. Total Planned Cost (Original): †¢ Capital Cost Rs. †¢ Revenue Cost Rs. TOTAL 67. 700 Million 149. 041 Million Rs. 216. 741 Million 2. Total Planned Cost (1st Revised): †¢ Capital Cost Rs. 67. 700 Million †¢ Revenue Cost Rs. 35. 457 Million TOTAL Rs. 103. 157 Million 3. Total Planned Cost (2nd Revised): †¢ Capital Cost Rs. 67. 700 Million †¢ Revenue Cost Rs. 59. 897 Million TOTAL Rs. 127. 597 Million 4. Total Planned Cost (3rd Revised): 7 | P a g e †¢ †¢ Capital Cost Rs. 70. 165 Million Revenue Cost Rs. 53. 387 Million TOTAL Rs. 123. 552 Million 5. Total Planned Cost (4th Revised): †¢ Capital Cost Rs. 67. 700 Million †¢ Revenue Cost Rs. 149. 041 Million TOTAL Rs. 216. 741 Million 6. Total Expenditure: †¢ Capital Exp. Rs. 80. 15266 Million †¢ Revenue Exp. Rs. 136. 78 Million TOTAL Rs. 216. 93266 Million Table 5: Financial Phasing as per PC ­I, Allocation and Actual Expenditure (Rs. in millions) as per PC ­IV % age Utilization on Releases 2. 000 1. 600 80% 25. 000 25. 000 23. 312 93. 248% 22. 000 22. 000 22. 000 19. 614 89. 15% 2008? 09 28. 000 28. 000 19. 818 16. 511 83. 31% 2009? 10 37. 854 37. 854 37. 854 39. 572 104. 54% 2010? 11 13. 120 13. 120 13. 120 24. 543 187. 06% 2011? 12 12. 017 12. 017 12. 017 11. 628 96. 76% TOTAL 139. 017 M 139. 017 M 131. 809 M 136. 78 M 103. 771% Year PC ­I Phasing PSDP Allocation Releases 2005? 06 2. 000 2. 000 2006? 07 25. 000 2007? 08 Expenditure 8 | P a g e 45 5 40 0 Amount in Rs. Millions 35 5 Relea ases Expenditure as E s per PC ­IV 30 0 25 5 20 0 15 5 10 0 5 0 2005 ­06 2006 ­07 2007 ­08 2008 ­09 2009 ­10 2010 ­11 2011 ­12 Years Fig 2. Year? w F wise Allocat tion, Release es and Expe enditures Table 6: : Items ­wis se Planned Actual Expenditure es (Only pr rovided dat ta for 2009 9 ­10) (Rs s. In Millions) PC C ­I ACTUAL L % AGE OF SR # ITE EMS ESTIM MATES UTILIZATION UTILIZATION Employee r E related 1 842. 16% Expenses E 1. 3 308 1. 101545 5 Purchase of P f Furniture 2 118. 26% Fixture F 7. 3 317 8. 65284 4 3 P Purchase of f Physical 153. 32% Assets A 2. 1 129 3. 264276 6 4 P Purchase of f Transport (including P P. O. L, repair r 64. 85% maintena ance) 21. .74 14. 09888 8 TOTAL L 31. 4 494 37. 0314 4 117. 58% Transpor rt (including P. O O. L, repair maintenance) ) Purchase of Phy P ysical Assets Purc chase of Furnitur re Fixture E Employee relate ed Expenses ACTUAL UT TILIZATION 0 5 10 1 PC ­I Estimates 15 20 25 Am mount in Rs. Mil llions Fig 3: Pe ercentage Sh hare of Item ms? wise Exp penditures 9 | P a g e 4. OBSERVATIONS Terminal Evaluation of the project has revealed many facts and figures about the project. The observations regarding overall project activities are given in ensuring paragraphs:? 4. 1 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 1. The project was initiated at its original cost of Rs. 216. 741 million and revised for planned cost of Rs. 103. 157 million, Rs. 127. 597 million, Rs. 123. 552 million and Rs. 216. 741 million in 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th revision respectively. Initially project was conceived with four year gestation period but it was revised for further three years extension in gestation period for the year 2009? 2012. The actual utilization (up to June, 2012) of the project remained Rs. 216. 93266 million as per PC? IV document which is approximately higher than the approved cost (i. e. 2nd Revision cost). Department should justify the issue. 2. The frequent revisions in times and cost reflects poor planning management and non? professional handling of the scheme. There was no substantial change in scope of work that could have warranted extension or revision of scheme. Project with initial gestation period of 48 months was completed in 72 months. 3. While initiating the project activities, 50 boarders male along? with 50 female (total 100 per home) were proposed to be accommodated in these newly established Old Age Homes, but the enrollment of inmates against the overall project period e. g. 2005? 2012 remained very low (avg. 23 per home), while carrying out the project analysis as per PC? I. 4. All the planned targets/activities have been poorly performed under the development phase of the project. But it is strictly required to meet the planned objectives in its right way especially by up? grading the standard of boarding/lodging at Home for Old Age Home inmates and providing them a familiar and healthy environment. 5. Project activities and objectives such as regular medical checkup and recreational services, counseling services, establishment of senior citizen`s club, technical/vocational training in collaboration with the other social welfare institutions was not achieved. 10 | P a g e 6. A post of Psychologist (part time) and Doctor (part time) remained vacant throughout the project life which was the most important objective of the project, because at the time of admission the individuals were supposed to be examined by these professionals to check the physical health contagious disease of the intakes. 7. Project resources e. g. vehicle for facilitating old mates at both centers procured under the scheme was not delivered to project site. This disturbs the overall planning mechanism of project. Resources procured under the project should be utilized by the beneficiaries of the same project to get intended impact of development funds. 8. Furniture Fixture and Machinery Equipment procured under this project was of very poor quality. Material and items were not purchased in accordance to the specifications, specified in PC? I documents e. g. Sony TV was supposed to be purchased but TV of an unknown Chinese brand was purchased and placed at these Old Age Homes. Moreover, furniture was not made of Shisham and was in degraded condition, unlike specified in PC? I. Moreover, Washing Machines were purchased and provided to the beneficiaries instead of the Washing Plant as mentioned in the approved PC? I as well as in PC? IV. Department needs to investigate the issue through a Formal Inquiry and fix the responsibility of fault resulting loss to the public exchequer and accordingly appropriate recovery should be made from responsible person. 9. On page 4 of the PC? IV in section 11, total 131. 8 Million rupees were released to this project in seven years, however, total expenditure of 136. 78 Million rupees were made during total gestation period of project. Department needs to explain this issue in evaluation committee meeting and justify how expenditure can be more than releases of the project. 11 | P a g e 4. 2 OLD AGE HOME (MULTAN) OBSERVATION The evaluation team visited the office of the Social Welfare Officer, Old Age Home at Community Centre Building, Multan to assess various project activities like its physical targets, free of cost boarding facilities etc. Evaluation of the project has revealed many facts and figures about the project. The main observations regarding overall project activities are given in ensuing paragraphs:? 1. According to PC? I, 50 males and 50 females inmates were supposed to be facilitated in these old age home but actually only seven inmates including one female were found at the time of visit. Moreover, hygienic conditions were also found very unsatisfactory. Furthermore, the Old Age Home building, currently located in a building which is very poor in condition and shifted from the new building which was located in industrial area. 2. It was observed that Machinery Equipment and Furniture Fixture procured under this project at this site were partially installed and functional and remaining items were placed in stores in its original packing e. g. furniture/fixture, refrigerator. Moreover, purchased items and material was also of not good quality. Microwave oven (01), electric water cooler (02), Installation of telephone, wheel chairs (03), Air cooler (06), Iron (03), book shelves (06), and many other facilities for residential block were found missing. Most of the Machinery/equipment are stored in the industrial area building which is much far away from the existing building and items which are stored is not in use and still worthless. Department needs to justify the issue. 3. It was also observed during site visit that store rooms consisting two large halls at industrial area building about 20 Km far away from Old Age Home were found full with the inventory, e. g. Machinery Equipment, Furniture Fixture as well as the items lying idle even against the vacant seats of inmates is representing the embellished

Ida Tarbell essays

Ida Tarbell essays Ida Tarbell was a woman far ahead of her time. Tarbell was an extraordinary woman whose work influenced the lives of others all over. She helped transform journalism by introducing what is called today investigative journalism. Through her achievements she not only helped to expand the role of the newspaper in modern society and stimulate the Progressive reform movement, but she also became a role model for women wishing to become professional journalists. Ida Minerva Tarbell, the first child of Franklin Sumner and Elizabeth McCullough Tarbell, was born November 5, 1857 in the log home of her maternal grandfather, Walter Raleigh McCullough. His farm was located in Hatch Hollow, near Wattsburg in northwest Pennsylvania. Both of her parents were teachers by profession, though her father was a carpenter and joiner by trade. Two of her brothers knew Abraham Lincoln, and her father was forced out of business by John D. Rockefeller and the South Improvement Company scheme, predecessor to his Standard Oil empire. These connections would prove influential in her later career. In 1860, when Ida was three years old, Franklin Tarbell, like so many others, rushed to the oil region. He moved his family to Cherry Run in Rouseville, where he began building wooden oil storage tanks. Ida spent her days playing among oil derricks on slippery, oil-soaked soil. In an article entitled "Pioneer Women of the Oil Industry," written by Ida Tarbell in 1934 , she tells of her life in Rouseville-attending Mrs. Rice's home school-and the problems her mother had bringing children up among the oil derricks. While still living in Rouseville, Ida's father extended his business to Pithole during its boom of 1865. With the decline of Pithole, however, the Tarbells moved to Titusville. The church and school were there-both institutions for a good living. In 1870, when Ida was thirteen years old, her father bought the Bonta House, a hotel in Pithole, for six hundred...

Major General Carl Schurz in the Civil War

Major General Carl Schurz in the Civil War Carl Schurz - Early Life Career: Born March 2, 1829 near Cologne, Rhenish Prussia (Germany), Carl Schurz was the son of Christian and Marianne Schurz.   The product of a schoolteacher and a journalist, Schurz initially attended the Jesuit Gymnasium of Cologne but was forced leave a year before graduation due to his familys financial problems.   Despite this setback, he secured his diploma via a special exam and commenced study at the University of Bonn.   Developing a close friendship with Professor Gottfried Kinkel, Schurz became engaged in the revolutionary liberal movement that was sweeping through Germany in 1848.   Taking up arms in support of this cause, he met future fellow Union generals Franz Sigel and Alexander Schimmelfennig.   Serving as a staff officer in the revolutionary forces, Schurz was captured by the Prussians in 1849 when the fortress of Rastatt fell.   Escaping, he traveled south to safety in Switzerland.   Learning that his mentor Kinkel was being held at Spandau prison in Berlin, Schurz slipped into Prussia in late 1850 and facilitated his escape.   After a brief stay in France, Schurz moved to London in 1851.   While there, he married Margarethe Meyer, an early advocate of the kindergarten system.   Shortly afterwards, the couple departed for the United States and arrived in August 1852.   Initially living in Philadelphia, they soon moved west to Watertown, WI.   Ã‚   Carl Schurz - Political Rise: Improving his English, Schurz quickly became active in politics through the newly-formed Republican Party.   Speaking out against slavery, he gained a following among the immigrant communities in Wisconsin and was an unsuccessful candidate for lieutenant governor in 1857.   Traveling south the following year, Schurz spoke to German-American communities on behalf of Abraham Lincolns campaign for US Senate in Illinois.   Passing the bar exam in 1858, he commenced practicing law in Milwaukee and increasingly became a national voice for the party due to his appeal to immigrant voters.   Attending the 1860 Republican National Convention in Chicago, Schurz served as the  spokesman of the delegation from Wisconsin. Carl Schurz - The Civil War Begins: With the election of Lincoln that fall, Schurz received an appointment to serve as US Ambassador to Spain.   Assuming the post in July 1861, shortly after the start of the Civil War, he worked to ensure that Spain remained neutral and did not provide aid to the Confederacy.   Eager to be part of the events unfolding at home, Schurz left his post in December and returned to the United States in January 1862.   Immediately traveling to Washington, he pressed Lincoln to advance the issue of emancipation as well as give him a military commission.   Though the president resisted the latter, he ultimately appointed Schurz a brigadier general on April 15.   A purely political move, Lincoln hoped to win additional support in German-American communities. Carl Schurz - Into Battle: Given command of a division in Major General John C. Frà ©monts forces in the Shenandoah Valley in June, Schurzs men then moved east to join Major General John Popes newly-created Army of Virginia.   Serving in Sigels I Corps, he made his combat debut at Freemans Ford in late August.   Performing poorly, Schurz saw one of his brigades suffer heavy losses.   Recovering from this outing, he showed better on August 29 when his men mounted determined, but unsuccessful assaults against Major General A.P. Hills division at the Second Battle of Manassas.   That fall, Sigels corps was re-designated XI Corps and remained on the defensive in front of Washington, DC.   As a result, it did not take part in the Battles of Antietam or Fredericksburg.   In early 1863, command of the corps passed to Major General Oliver O. Howard as Sigel departed due to a dispute with new army commander Major General Joseph Hooker.   Ã‚      Carl Schurz - Chancellorsville Gettysburg: In March 1863, Schurz received a promotion to major general.   This caused some ire in the Union ranks due to its political nature and his performance relative to his peers.   In early May, Schurzs men were positioned along the Orange Turnpike facing south as Hooker conducted the opening moves of the Battle of Chancellorsville.   To Schurzs right, the division of Brigadier General Charles Devens, Jr. represented the right flank of the army.   Not anchored on any type of natural obstacle, this force was preparing for dinner around 5:30 PM on May 2 when it was surprised attacked by Lieutenant General Thomas Stonewall Jacksons corps.   As Devens men fled east, Schurz was able to realign his men to meet the threat.   Badly outnumbered, his division was overwhelmed and he was forced to order a retreat around 6:30 PM.   Falling back, his division played little role in the rest of the battle.   Carl Schurz - Gettysburg: The following month, Schurzs division and the rest of XI Corps moved north as the Army of the Potomac pursued General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia towards Pennsylvania.   Though a diligent officer, Schurz became increasingly overbearing during this time leading Howard to correctly guess that his subordinate was lobbying Lincoln to have Sigel returned to XI Corps.   Despite the tension between the two men, Schurz moved quickly on July 1 when Howard sent him a dispatch stating that Major General John Reynolds I Corps was engaged at Gettysburg.   Riding ahead he met with Howard on Cemetery Hill around 10:30 AM.   Informed that Reynolds was dead, Schurz assumed command of XI Corps as Howard took overall control of Union forces on the field. Directed to deploy his men north of town to the right of I Corps, Schurz ordered his division (now led by  Schimmelfennig) to secure Oak Hill.   Finding it occupied by Confederate forces, he also saw the XI Corps division of Brigadier General Francis Barlow arrive and form too far forward of Schimmelfennigs right.   Before Schurz could address this gap, the two XI Corps divisions came under attack from the divisions of Major General Robert Rodes and Jubal A. Early.   Though he showed energy in organizing a defense, Schurzs men were overwhelmed and driven back through the town with around 50% losses.   Re-forming on Cemetery Hill, he resumed command of his division and aided in repelling a Confederate attack against the heights the next day.      Carl Schurz - Ordered West:       In September 1863, XI and XII Corps were ordered west to aid the beleaguered Army of the Cumberland after its defeat at the Battle of Chickamauga.   Under the leadership of Hooker, the two corps reached Tennessee and took part in Major General Ulysses S. Grants campaign to lift the siege of Chattanooga.   During the resulting Battle of Chattanooga in late November, Schurzs division operated on the Union left in support of Major General William T. Shermans forces.   In April 1864, XI and XII Corps were combined into XX Corps.   As part of this reorganization, Schurz left his division to oversee a Corps of Instruction in Nashville. In this post briefly, Schurz took leave to serve as an orator on behalf of Lincolns reelection campaign.   Seeking to return to active duty following the election that fall, he had difficulty securing a command.   Finally obtaining a post as chief of staff in Major General Henry Slocums Army of Georgia, Schurz saw service in the Carolinas during the final months of the war.   With the end of hostilities, he was tasked by President Andrew Johnson with conducting a tour of the South to assess conditions throughout the region.   Returning to private life, Schurz operated a newspaper in Detroit before moving to St. Louis. Carl Schurz - Politician: Elected to the US Senate in 1868, Schurz advocated fiscal responsibility and anti-imperialism.   Breaking with the Grant Administration in 1870, he helped start the Liberal Republican movement.   Overseeing the partys convention two years later, Schurz campaigned for its presidential nominee, Horace Greeley.   Defeated in 1874, Schurz returned to newspapers until appointed Secretary of the Interior by President Rutherford B. Hayes three years later.   In this role, he worked to reduce racism towards Native Americans on the frontier, fought to keep the Office of Indian Affairs in his department, and advocated for a merit-based system of advancement in the civil service. Leaving office in 1881, Schurz settled in New York City and aided in overseeing several newspapers.   After serving as a representative of the Hamburg American Steamship Company from 1888 to 1892, he accepted a position as president of the National Civil Service Reform League. Active in attempts to modernize the civil service, he remained an outspoken anti-imperialist.   This saw him speak out against the Spanish-American War and lobby President William McKinley against annexing land taken during the conflict.   Remaining engaged in politics into the early 20th century, Schurz died in New York City on May 14, 1906.   His remains were interred at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, NY.           Ã‚     Ã‚   Selected Sources Historical Society of Pennsylvania: Carl SchurzGettysburg: Major General Carl SchurzMr. Lincolns White House: Carl Schurz

Is Work life balance an unrealistic dream or something that Essay

Is Work life balance an unrealistic dream or something that organisations should pay attention to - Essay Example A work life balance is important because work life and life systems, although very different, are intertwined together in a firm manner. It has been proven through current theories that emotional spillovers from one side can affect the other. Such that, a disappointment at the job may translate in to a disappointment at the family level, and vice versa. One of the theories that are used to explain the relationship between the balance of work and life is the Work/family border theory. Border Theory The border theory divests upon the interactions between the life and work of an individual and how he may attempt to balance them (Poelmans 2005). According to the theory, as Clark (2000) relates, the primary connection between the work and family systems is not emotional but it is human. So ‘people’ in the theory are regarded as daily border-crossers who have to make daily transitions between the two worlds- the world of work and the world of family. People are important here because they are considered responsible for shaping the worlds, for defining the borders between the two worlds and for determining their relation to each of the worlds. Although people are the primary agents at work here, to change the environments, they can themselves be affected in turn, giving rise to a work-family spillover (Hislop 2008). It is this concept that makes keeping a balance between the two worlds the most challenging thing. The border theory seeks to explain the complex interaction between the border crossers and their work and family systems and henceforth, attempts to attain a certain degree of balance between life and work. Psychological contract The psychological contract is also an important concept when it comes to the study of work/life studies and refers to the exchange occurring between the employee and the employer (Andrae 2008). Through the psychological contract, one can attempt to understand what employees and employers expect from a job and work enviro nment. According to Smithson & Lewis (2000), these expectations may not just be confined to tenures or promotions, but, may also include other things like a sense of entitlement to work/ life benefits and flexible working hours. It has been argued recently that a better integration of the worlds of ‘work’ and ‘life’ lead to a positive psychological contract. The psychological contract explains that meeting or breaking of promises has a greater influence than practices and policies (Cooper, Quick & Schabracq 2009). According to Roehling, Roehling and Moen (2001), work/life policies, such as the flexible working hours and informal support, are directly linked to employee satisfaction and loyalty which get translated in the form of a positive psychological contract. The met and unmet expectations have a significant impact on the attitudes and behaviours of the employees (Naswall, Hellgren & Sverke 2008). Recent research in UK also shows that employees tend to look for the awards that their psychological contract promises to deliver and to consider it their right to have an entitlement of flexible working hours, the lack of which is believed to be a violation of the psychological contract (Leat 2007). The psychological contract is an important tool because it considers the individual expectations of employees and employers. The approach is also important to shift the focus from policies and instead concentrate on the different settings of work and life systems for both the employees and emp

Why people should see or read A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Essay

Why people should see or read A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry - Essay Example It can help them in identifying how they should develop their artistic and literary pieces. Media students need to realize that they can only sell their creative pieces if their creative pieces contain something or some elements with which their audience can connect. The way a creative individual allows his/her piece of creativity to connect with the audience is something that can be learned from the play. The play is about the dreams and the issues of the majority members of the society who either belong to the lower income or middle income earning families. Due to this the dreams that have been depicted in the book are quite related to the dreams that every common man experiences in their daily lives. The depiction of these dreams allows the audience to relate themselves with the characters of the play. Similarly, when students of media are creating their creative pieces they should ensure that their audience connects with the content and the characters of their creative pieces and that is only the way how audience attention can be

Block Versus Traditional Scheduling Essay Example for Free

Block Versus Traditional Scheduling Essay This is a proposal to the study to investigate the affect of school scheduling on the student body. The short introduction will establish a purpose to view the students’ reaction to the block or traditional class schedule as the cornerstone of their success in their learning endeavor. Such study will promise to learn what has to be done to improve the student morale and to increase their effectiveness as learners, that is which specific scheduling type is instrumental in doing so. Since this is just a proposal to the study, and no actual study has been done, the readers will find no actual data sets yet. Introduction Intensive or short-term classes, also known as block scheduling have risen out of search for alternative ways to the traditional scheduling. Such classes are presented in segregated units and might have a different construction from a high school to college. Students might be exposed to six specific classes, two hours each for the duration of a quarter with another set of six classes following the next quarter. Daniels (2000) and Queen (2000) presented a study in which she objectified the contrast between block and traditional schedules. She confirmed that block scheduling became common on high school and college levels during the last decade. Post high school institutions explain infiltration of the block scheduling by incoming in a large numbers of non-traditional students. To serve such students better and to adapt to their schedules, the post secondary institutions initiated time-shortened courses, however more intensive, fitting two sets of class load in one semester. Per Daniels’ research, half of surveyed post secondary institutions have been using some sort of block scheduling (also see Stodden, Galloway, L. , Stodden, 2003). In the surveyed institutions the block schedule did not have a unified formation, either. Some moved to so-called quarter hours in which each student would take several classes for each quarter (three months) four quarters a year including a summer session(s). Other institutions provided scheduling that formed even more intensive course load. Marric College in Sacramento, California, in particular has students enroll into two courses lasting six weeks. Each class would last four hours and be offered once a week. Justification of study Such tendency became widespread and included many Nation’s high schools. Many educators Mcleskey Welle (2000) expressed a concern that a lack of uniformity among the schools and at times controversial findings might jeopardize the quality of instructional delivery. Some evidence suggests that the instruction must me at least 10 to 12 weeks short and presented a few times during the week in order to provide some significant impact on learning. It does appear that high school and postsecondary institutions are more concerned of quantity of classes being offered rather than the quality of the instruction. After all, the argument that acceleration of the course load provides mode intense study opportunity is limited in that there is not enough time to study the subject matter deeper. Purpose There is no doubt that such diversity of schedule types in many different schools does not benefit uniformity of the instruction (Jenkins, Queen Algozzine, 2002). The very fact that different schools, even within the same district, may exercise different type of scheduling appears to be disturbing. Despite the fact that a number of researchers offered study-type investigations into the dilemma, it is still very difficult to find the concrete results based on two high schools within the same school district: one with block scheduling and another with traditional. Even when found there was no study available to test the students’ comfort level and presence or absence of stress when subjected to either block or traditional scheduling. Hence, the purpose of this study is to attempt to derive more narrow and directed conclusions with the following Null Hypothesis: HO: Participants did not experience any stress level or discomfort when subjected to one quarter of block scheduling HA: Participants experienced significant (p. 5) manifestation of discomfort and/or stress when exposed to block scheduling. To provide the quantitative opportunity, this researcher suggests devising a scale that would quantify the participants’ stress reaction to the stimuli. For example: 1 – No physiological/biological/psychological symptoms experienced during or after one block of classes is given. 2 – Some symptoms are experienced but do not produce any noticeable symptoms. 3 – Symptoms cause some psychological or physical manifestations that can be observed and recorded (non-natural posture, felt awkwardness, feeling/being clumsy, to some degree irritated). 4 – Extreme nervousness, body perspiration, observable irritation presentation, failing classes, cutting classes, feeling ill often. Definition of Theoretical Constructs and Research Design The research will measure levels of stress during and/or after attending classes in the students in block scheduling versus the students in traditional scheduling. There are plenty of stated theories under the guise of stress research, however, this researcher found none that would examine the psychological state of students in and under block schedule versus their peers who are in the traditional scheduling. 1) degree of the schedule control/pressure on the students 2) degree and specific direction of initial reaction of students. 3) the degree of the school homeostatic reaction in its attempt to maintain status quo Negative attitude toward scheduling can be viewed as following states-of-being: a) self-pity b) helplessness c) low self-afficacy d) irritation 5) increased clumsiness The degree of school control/pressure can be quantified on nominal scale: 1 – feel no pressure/stress. Like classes and attend them with pleasure. Feel free to manifest my creativity. Am aware that every of my creative ideas are manifested in the productive process of my education. 2 – freedoms of creativity somewhat limited. There is a limited time to express myself. Some of my ideas/concepts are not heard/considered. Small degree of the schedule influence on my life outside the school is felt at times (more homework). 3 – feel pressure from the higher pressure of scheduling. My ideas/concepts are not considered most of the times. Feeling that sharing my ideas can lead me in to trouble. Feeling not important to the school (or my class). Feeling not appreciated. 4 – feel constant (daily) pressure from the scheduling. Feeling being controlled (puppet-like state) by the scheduling. No ideas are being considered (or no time at all to share). Feel invisible. Perceive the message from teachers, â€Å"You are the small nut in the big mechanism. You must do your part consistently and efficiently, without aberration. † Feeling trapped, depressed, and unhappy. Missing days of school due to â€Å"illness. † The degree of initial reaction to the scheduling type can be quantified as follows. A – Absence of any stress. Study duties seem easy and comfortable to perform. No anger or any negative feelings toward the teachers. B – Minimum stress level. Most days are comfortable and pleasant. Occasional and minimum negative reaction toward the teachers. C – Moderate stress. Three out of five school days are not comfortable and are stressful. Being critical to the teachers. Often complaining and/or expressing negative feelings to other students. Fear of negative opinion of the teachers. D – Daily stress. Not comfortable performing schoolwork. Feeling of constantly being watched. Covert and at times overt feelings of hostility toward teachers. Strong urge to become instrumental in changing things around or drop out. Complain with open hostility. The degree of the organizational homeostatic reaction in its attempt to maintain status quo can be quantified as follows (in case if the participants answered 3/4 or C/D in previous scales): i) No events occur. Nothing to make stressed situation more stressful. ii) Some events do occur. All events, however, are under control and none are long-lasting. iii) Events that occur are unpleasant and might be somewhat threatening in nature. Most bear unpleasant conversations/explanations with teachers. Most â€Å"fire† can be put down but require some effort. Some have the potential to become cause for administrative actions and other sanctions. iv) Events are very serious in nature. Most are felt like the cause of a complete failure or even drop out. May have the potential of causing disturbance in classes. Very difficult for the â€Å"fire† to be put down and requires a significant amount of effort. v) Events result in separation from the school: suspension. This researcher proposes to use p . 05 as the probability value. He will solicit two randomly selected groups with 30 students in each: one would be under the current block schedule and another under traditional one within the same school. Mitchel Jolley (2004) suggested an effective randomizer that might work well in this scenario. The fact that two very different by nature of business schedules should cause different reactions from students and will contribute to more complete understanding of the schedule affect on the student body. The survey (pre-test) will be administered to all 60 participants in both groups. The data will be tabulated to form the initial quantity (starting point) from which this researcher will operate. The purpose of the survey is to find out (to quantify) the initial psychological state of each student in two groups. The same survey will be administered in the midterm (six weeks later) and at the conclusion of 12-week research period. Data will ve compared, contrasted, and tabulated. Contributions This researcher believes that this study will provide a new and fresh approach to the study of scheduling influence on the students. If allowed to experiment the school’s administration will have an opportunity to learn how each type of scheduling will affect students and to develop the student body with the least amount and manifestation of stress and with the highest possible morale and study ethics. As the result, the study productivity will increase and the quality of the learning will improve 100 fold. References Daniel, E. L. (2000). A Review of Time-Shortened Courses across Disciplines. College Student Journal, 34(2), 298. Retrieved May 15, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5001760249 Jenkins, E. , Queen, A. , Algozzine, B. (2002). To Block or Not to Block: Thats Not the Question. The Journal of Educational Research, 95(4), 196+. Retrieved May 15, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5000642089 Mitchell, M. L. , Jolley, J. M. (2007). Research design explained (6th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Queen, J. A. (2000). Block Scheduling Revisited. Phi Delta Kappan, 82(3), 214. Retrieved May 15, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5001115634 Stodden, R. A. , Galloway, L. , Stodden, N. J. (2003). Secondary School Curricula Issues: Impact on Postsecondary Students with Disabilities. Exceptional Children, 70(1), 9+. Retrieved May 15, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5002033905 Weller, D. R. , Mcleskey, J. (2000). Block Scheduling and Inclusion in a High School. Remedial and Special Education, 21(4), 209. Retrieved May 15, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5001073229

The Struggle for National Identity in the Countries of Latin America Es

Following an independence revolution a nation tends to proceed into a period where they learn independence and can function on their own with their own identity. They learn to respect the rights of its citizens, provide national security, instill a sense of patriotism, and learn to handle economic endeavors in a way to benefit the nation as a whole. After their revolutions for independence, the countries of Latin America did not achieve many of these milestones. The countries of did not show any signs of becoming anything close to independent after their revolutions. They allowed Great Britain and the U.S. to come in and dictate their economic infrastructure by exploiting the masses and allowing only a few individuals to enjoy wealth. This in return led to brutal political dictators, a large number of landless farm workers, a low literacy rate, and worker repression. Latin America is a rich land with poor people as its inhabitants because leaders of each country have failed to recognize how to effectively create an independent nation. After most of the Latin American countries achieved independence from Spain in the late 19th century the issue of what type of government the countries would adopt and who would oversee them arose. Many wanted to maintain the Spanish American tradition of a monarch ruling; while others were intrigued by the teachings and doctrines of the Enlightenment and admirers of the American success and wanted to start fresh as a republic. The federalist and centralist factions became aligned with two main political currents that dominated Latin American politics during the nineteenth century: liberalism and conservatism. Generally, liberals viewed the United States as a model whereas, conservatives ... ...ndividuals in power were too selfish to worry about the nation as a whole. Their only concerns were to make themselves as rich as possible regardless of the well-being of others. In a sense, Latin America is not â€Å"detached† from Spain. The core of Colonial Spanish America was to exploit the masses and to restrict power and wealth amongst the elite. This notion has been prevalent throughout Latin American History. Until Latin American countries can break away from exploitation and the involvement of foreign powers in their economy they will never be able to ha[-]. The United States partook a large role in the lack of progessiveness in Latin American following the nineteenth century. Anything that challenged business interests of the United States in Latin America led to a radical reaction by the United States. These radical reactions put fear into many citizens. â€Æ'

Choice of University and Choice of Course in Australia Essay

After the Bradley report which was written following the review of higher education system in 2008, the Australian government has introduced many policies and financial assistance for this demographic in hope of increasing the participation rates to 20 per cent by 2020 (Department of Education, Employment, and Workplace Relations, 2008, p. xiv). However, despite steady increases in overall tertiary participation, the inequalities still remain. People with low socio-economic status are not as successful in applying or gaining access to more prestigious institutions as those with medium or high socio-economic status are (James, 2007, p. ). It is not only participation at university level that is affected with this imbalance. Significant social differences can be seen across different universities as well as different fields of study (Reay et al. 2001, p. 858). Study by Ferguson and Simpson (2011) has found, and James (2007) agrees, that students with low socio-economic background are n ot so successful in gaining entry into the courses with more competitive entry requirements like medicine, law or architecture. These students were more concentrated in courses such as education, nursing, IT and business (James, 2007, p. 7). James (2007, p. 7) believes that the same is true for the high demand universities, where low socio-economic status students hold a share of only 11 per cent of all places. These differences can be somewhat accredited to the geographical location of these more prestigious universities as they are mainly situated in the metropolitan areas. However, there are other factors that contribute to this imbalance more so. Some experts believe that students who come from disadvantaged backgrounds may not aspire to attend these universities believing that it is not an achievable goal, or they may not perform academically well enough for more competitive courses. Other studies indicate that it is in fact the psychological factors which create socioeconomic imbalances in higher education participation. This paper will look at rates of participation, aspirations, ability and psychological factors and their affect on the decision making process of low socio-economic status students when it comes to higher education. It will argue that there is enough supporting evidence to conclude that this demographic does not have a lot of impact on university participation, choice of university or choice of course. While overall higher education participation rates have improved, socio-economically disadvantaged people are least represented group in Australian higher education. James (2007, p. 2) states that ‘social class is the single most reliable predictor of the likelihood that individuals will participate in higher education at some stage in their lives’. Undergraduate Applications, Offers and Acceptances Report from the Department of Education, Employment and Work Relations, states that in 2011, 18. 6 per cent of all applicants were from low socio-economic backgrounds, compared to 30. 6 per cent of applicants from high socio-economic group (DEEWR, 2011, p. 15). It also reports that even though applications by low socio-economic status applicants were up by 3. 4 per cent they were less likely to result in an offer. Low socio-economic status applicants had an offer rate of 79. per cent compared to 83. 5 per cent for applications from high socio-economic status applicants (DEEWR, 2011, p. 15). Even though the rates for applications and offers to higher education for low socio-economic demographic have slightly increased, according to DEEWR (2011), this demographic continues to be the least represented at university level. One of the reasons that could explain the current higher education participation numbers by people from low socio-ec onomic background is aspiration. It has to be considered as one of the principal issues in student’s decision making process. According to the English dictionary, to aspire, it means to have a strong desire to achieve something. Consequently, to attend university, an individual needs to aspire to do so. Bowden and Doughney (2010), in their study of secondary students in the western suburbs of Melbourne, have found that those with lower socio-economic status have fewer aspirations to attend university. Instead, they aspire to attend a vocational training institution or gain employment. Difference in spirations among different demographics is mainly influenced by individual’s social systems, such as class, ethnicity, gender, customs and religion (Bowden & Doughney, 2010, p. 119). Furthermore, in his research for the Department of Education, Science and Training, James has found that there is a strong relationship between parental education levels and young people’s educational aspirations (DES T, 2002, p. 51). Bowden and Doughney’s study results are consistent with James’ findings, as well as Bourdieu’s concept of ‘cultural capital’, which Harker et al. (cited in Webb et al. 002, p. 22) defined as ‘culturally valued taste and consumption pattern’. Therefore, it can be said that those who come from low socio-economic background are at a disadvantage when it comes to entering higher education due to the fact that they were not brought up with the idea of attending university. Academic achievement or student’s ability is seen as another important factor that needs to be considered when studying inequalities in higher education. This is because in Australia, university enrolment process relies heavily on individual’s academic achievement. Student’s academic record is seen as a main way of entry into the university and acquiring all the benefits that come with having a degree. Teese (cited in Ferguson & Simpson, 2011, p. 33) proposed that almost half of low socio-economic status students obtain scores in the lowest academic bands and that only small number of these students receives high academic scores. Ferguson and Simpson conclude that this is due to fewer resources, such as educational, cultural, social and financial, that are available for this group of students, rather than lack of ability. Cardak and Ryan (2009) have come to the similar conclusion. They have found that academic scores of low socio-economic status students are lower due to the fact that their early educational achievements are also lower in comparison to the more advantaged students and their achievements (Cardak & Ryan, 2009, p. 444). Both Ferguson and Simpson’s and Cardak and Ryan’s studies agree that students with same ability and same academic scores have the same likelihood of attending university regardless of their socio-economic status. They also agree that the quality of academic results rises with the status. Thus, as they don’t have access to as many resources as their more privileged peers, low socio-economic status students are at a disadvantage when it comes to securing a place at university. Although aspirations and academic ability are very important factors in higher education inequality, it could be said that the psychological factors have most of the influence on person’s decision to attend university. Students from low socio-economic background are more conscious of the existence of barriers to their entering higher education (Harris, 2005, p. 4) and are not likely to encounter diverse influences that might persuade them to participate in higher education (DEST, 2002, p. 50). James believes that students from this demographic are more likely to be doubtful about their academic ability and achievement and they would possibly be lacking financial support (DEST, 2002, p. 50). He also states that they have less confidence in parental support and a stronger interest in earning an income as soon as they leave school. ‘The perceptions and beliefs held by people with low socio-economic status can all be regarded as habitus, which is described as ‘embodied predispositions that are learned early in the life of a young person’ (Harris, 2005, p. 4). As they lack role models, it is very difficult for these young people to see university participation as something that is relevant to them or something they could achieve (Harris, 2005, p. ). In their UK based study of working class secondary students, Reay et al. (2001, p. 865) have found that this group of students were choosing universities where they were most likely to fit in, as they felt more comfortable attending such university and where they could find ‘intellectual and social peers’. Psychological factors play an important role in the decision making process due to the emotio ns attached to them. Low socio-economic status students seem to have a lot more to consider when deciding on their higher education pathway. As the evidence would suggest, students from low socio-economic background, have very little impact on university participation, choice of university or choice of course at present time. According to the government reports, students from disadvantaged backgrounds are highly under-represented at university level. Thus, higher education in Australia is far from being level playing field for some demographics. The most current review of higher education shows that the participation rates at university in general, as well as different courses and institutions are considerably lower for those ith low socio-economic status. The difference between low and high socio-economic status groups is quite significant, despite the government’s efforts to improve these numbers by implementing new policies and strategies. As discussed in this paper, the reasons for inequality are varied and complex. However, most of the researchers agree that it is the family attitudes that are at the core of t he problem. These attitudes have enormous influence on student’s decision making process. However, there is always a possibility for change. Australian universities, in conjunction with schools and government’s help, need to focus on developing new social networks and transforming set beliefs of disadvantaged students. These changes could be achieved through the use of early interventions and positive role models during middle schooling. Only with successful attitude changes will the higher education participation numbers improve for this particular demographic. References Bowden, MP & Doughney, J 2010, ‘Socio-economic status, cultural diversity and the aspirations of secondary students in the western suburbs of Melbourne, Australia’, High Education, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 115-129, SpringerLink, viewed 2 October 2012. Cardak, BA & Ryan, C 2009, ‘Participation in higher education in Australia: equity and access’, Economic Record, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 433-448, Wiley Online Library 2012 Full Collection, viewed 25 September 2012. Centre for the Study of Higher Education 2008, ‘Partici pation and Equity: A Review of the participation in higher education of people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds and Indigenous people’, Universities Australia and the Centre for the Study of Higher Education (CSHE), University of Melbourne, viewed 4 October 2012, <http://www. niversitiesaustralia. edu. au/resources/271/290> Department of Education, Employment, and Workplace Relations 2008, ‘Review of Australian higher education – Executive summary’ report prepared by D Bradley, H Noonan & B Scales, Department of Education, Employment, and Workplace Relations (DEEWR), Canberra, pp. xi-xviii, viewed 25 September 2012, <http://www. innovation. gov. au/HigherEducation/Documents/Review/PDF/Hig

Red Scare

It was November 18, 1918, the day WWI had officially ended. The last cry of help had been heard and peace was supposedly coming to the United States or it had seemed. An ideological war which prompted mass paranoia had caused, among many other things, what would be known as the Red Scare (****). The Red Scare was the label given to the actions of legislation, the race riots, and the hatred and persecution of â€Å"subversives† and conscientious objectors during that period of time.The purpose of this research is to explore the threat that plagued the United States in its’ time of great panic and anxiety, during the â€Å"first† Red Scare which lasted between 1919 to 1921. This powerful threat turned out to be Communism and it was greatly feared by almost every U. S. citizen. Communism is â€Å"system of social and economic organization in which property is owned by the state group, to be shared in common or to be disturbed among members of the community equally or in proportion to their respective needs.In 1919, no more than one-tenth of the adult American population belonged to the newly formed communist movement, and even this small percentage were greatly persecuted. After the real war ended in 1918, the ideological war, turned against conscientious objectors and other radical minorities such as Wobblies, who were members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and also Socialists. It was thought that the Wobblies and the Socialists were trying to overthrow the United States government. Wobblies, were persecuted against for speaking out against the capitalist system.Most of what they said, was only to attract attention, but it was taken seriously by the government. From the very beginning of the Red Scare, the Wobblies were attacked by the government because they were a symbol of radicalism. The government placed legislation not only against the Wobblies but also against Socialists and Communists. In 1917, the US government made a law which gave the Secretary of Labor the power to arrest or deport any alien advocating or teaching destruction of property or the overthrow of government by force. The government used deportation as a cure for the antigovernment views of its enemies.The unfair legislation passed by the government, everything was soon to become a disaster. All that everyone needed was for someone to take advantage of the anti-radical legislation and that is what Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer did in the years 1919-1920. Palmer deported members of the IWW. His Palmer raids had two main targets, which were the Communist Party and the Communist Labor Party. These two groups grew out of the IWW and the largest of the three, the Socialist Party of America, had split because of a dilemma over World War I.The Palmer Raids were attempts by the United States Department of Justice to arrest and deport radical leftists, especially anarchists, from the United States. The raids and arrests occurred in Nov ember 1919 and January 1920 under the leadership of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. Though more than 500 foreign citizens were deported, including a number of prominent leftist leaders, Palmer's efforts were largely frustrated by officials at the U. S. Department of Labor who had responsibility for deportations and who objected to Palmer's methods.Once Europe entered the war, the split occurred; this break up hurt the Socialist party and many who were not Socialists opposed the draft, but the party was the point of opposition. These people became targets for attack by American nationalists and the American government; members were lynched and important Socialist documents were burned. One Friday, January 2, 1920 to be exact, agents from the Department of Justice raided a Communist hideout and began arresting thousands of people in major American cities throughout the nation. They raided people who stayed in private homes, clubs, pool halls and coffee shops.The raiding got so he ctic that in many places that they started arresting citizens and aliens, Communists and non-Communists. Destruction of meeting halls and property began as well and along with putting their victims in prison, agents held them without an attorney and interrogated them. Prisoners were released a few days later unless they were members of the Communist Party or the Communist Labor Party. These two groups were formed from the American Communist movement and in only two days nearly five thousand people were arrested. Nearly five thousand were seized in the cleaning up that followed during the next two weeks.The arrests were carried out with total disregard for the rights of the prisoners. At this point and time Americans during this time were continuously on the verge of attacking anyone who wasn’t â€Å"American†. These people were extremely patriotic and ready to rid their nation of any intruder that seemed to threaten them, mainly the minorities whom they were very hosti le with. Palmer wasn't the cruelest or the most extreme of these anti-radicals. Senator Kenneth McKellen of Tennessee went so far as to propose sending all native-born radicals to a special penal colony on the island of Guam.Liberal journalist tried to mock Palmer in many different ways. In some occasions they would compare his actions to the shaving of a dogs hair and how by this it would promote growth in the society. Palmer ignored the journalist, and frankly he didn't care what they said about him and his actions. He still went on with all his raids. On December 27, around 250 deportees sailed for Russia from New York ion the U. S. S. Buford. On Friday, January 2, 1920, agents of the Justice department raided a Communist headquarters and began to arrest thousands of people all throughout the cities.In a period of two days, 5000 people were arrested and 1000 jailed. There was no reason for this doing and the treatment the prisoners got was unacceptable. The peace and security of the American nation was now being destroyed by the Wobblies and Socialists. The attacks were now focused on them, not anymore on the objectors. They were targeted by the use of the Espionage Act of 1918. â€Å"This act penalized anyone who obstructed the operation of the armed forces, or displayed disloyalty within the forces. The Justice Department convicted more than 1000 people.Surely among this number were a large number of Socialists and Wobblies. The Espionage Act was not the only law that was made by legislators to discriminate against antiwar groups. In October 1918, Congress passed the Alien Act, which gave the Secretary of Labor the power to deport any alien who, at any time after entering the United States, is found to have been at the time of entry, or to have become thereafter a member of any anarchist organization. This gave Palmer the authority to conduct his raids, during which thousands of people were arrested and detained without actually having been charged.Many tries to repeal the legislation, many Socialists became prominent figures due to their attempts to gain release for their imprisoned friends. The government had formulated and put into effect their plan to rid the country of unwanted foreign radicals, but the problem remained as what to do with those radicals were citizens of the United States. This was not to go unanswered for long, however. America was now in a state of disturbed peace and could not calm down until it rids its country of its disruptions.In the Fall of 1918, The Russian Revolution occurred and may also contribute to America's unrest. Out of nowhere in an extremely violent manner, the Communists citizens took control of the Russian government and murdered the Tsar and his entire family along with thousands of â€Å"nonconforming† Russians. Communism was established on the political philosophy of Karl Marx and was dedicated to establishing a society where there is no private ownership of property and where the government would control the making and distribution of all goods.Karl Heinrich Marx (German pronunciation: [ka l ? ha? n c ? ma ks], 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was aPrussian-German philosopher and revolutionary socialist. His ideas played a significant role in the establishment of the social sciences and the development of the socialist movement. Marx's work in economics laid the basis for our understanding of labor and its relation to capital, and has influenced much of subsequent economic thought. [4][5][6][7] He published numerous books during his lifetime, the most notable being The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Capital (1867–1894).Due to the horrible misconduct and the overthrow of government, Americans began to panic. If it could happen in Russia, why couldn't it happen here? No plot to overthrow the government was ever uncovered. Yet, it was the paranoid fear of Communists that drove many Americans to violence. Another reason for the Red Scare was the strike held by mine workers. They were thought to be making threats against the Capitalist system through subversive Socialist organizations. These strikes were part of a series of events which took place in 1919.This strike, which occurred in February, was of 60,000 coal mine workers. In that September, steel workers attacked. Of course the blame was put upon the American Communists, although many communists tried to oppose this strike. Nationalist Americans called for the stop of the Bolshevik Revolution that was taking place in America. This panic traveling through the United States, made a series of bombs occur. Immediately the Socialist were accused. Attorney General Palmer took advantage of the panic of the public and asked Congress for fund appropriations to help avoid further danger.Congress not only supplied funds, but made sure that all foreign radicals were deported. This plan went very well, but then the government didn't know what to do when the radicals were US citizens. Dur ing my research of this this topic, I have learned a number of things. First of all, America was caught in a web of fear and conspiracy. No one could trust his neighbor or his father for fear that he was involved in the Communist movement. Americans were not happy with their government at this time, but this didn't mean that they wanted Communism as an option.Hyphenated Americans were particularly suspected. I have also learned that although Communism might have caused a lot of panic, no plot of Communism was ever found to be true. However, just because nothing was found doesn't mean that there wasn't anything to be found. America was extremely prejudiced toward anyone who wasn't a â€Å"pure American†. The Red Scare provided Americans with a scapegoat, now that we were no longer fighting the Germans. People really believed that Communists were everywhere and were plotting to overthrow the government.Citizens were now being treated like the women who were accused of being wit ches in the Salem Witch Trials. It didn't matter if you were or we’re not a Communist if someone accused you of being one. You were branded for most of your life. The biggest fear on people's minds was a communism takeover. People thought that Russia was going to cause an internal revolution within the US that would eventually end up removing the democratic government and replacing it with a dictator and communist government. The thought of Russia even attempting to do an attack was foolish from the beginning.America was also happy with its democratic government and was sure that they would have defeated the revolution. This is why America never had any true reason to fear a communist takeover occurring in the United States. The entire Red Scare was meant to keep communism out, and the main reason they wanted to do that is so they could remain free. â€Å"On the evening of Monday, December 29,1919, members of the Central Executive Committee of Buffalo's Communist party gathe red for a meeting in party headquarters in the second floor of the Teck Theater on Main Street.At about 9:30 p. m. , thirty police officers climbed the building's front and rear staircases, and the fire escape, forced open the doors of the meeting hall and burst in. As the party members stood quietly and watched, the police confiscated party records, including a membership list, communist pamphlets, hundreds of copies of the manifesto of the Communist party of America, a small printing press, a mimeograph machine and two typewriters. Then the police arrested twenty-two party members and locked most of them up in the third precinct police station on Pearl Street. Working through the night, police raided the homes of other party leaders, picking up George Till at 1:00 a. m. , and Christopher Keegan at 2:00 a. m. Raiders aroused Franklin Brill from sleep at his Williamsville home and brought him before District Attorney Guy Moore at 3:00 a. m. † The Committee commonly known as th e Lusk Committee, after its chairman State Senator Clayton R. Lusk of Cortland—had been established in March 1919 to investigate individuals and organizations suspected or promoting the overthrow of the United States government.The raids in November, December, and early January were the culmination of months of activity that had left the country in general, and Buffalo in particular, in a state of panic. On April 28, there was a bomb found in the mail of Seattle's outspoken mayor, Ole Hanson. Another bomb was found, exploded and blew the hands off a Georgia senator's maid. One time a New York postal clerk found sixteen more bombs that had not been sent due to a plethora of insufficient postage. Not even a month later after the April 28th bomb scare, another bomb destroyed the front of the home of Attorney General A.Mitchell Palmer in Washington. May Day riots occurred in several major U. S. cities, summer race riots in others and even rhe the Boston Police strike in September , followed by the nationwide steel strike and coal strike heightened animosity against socialists and radicals who were already held to be pariahs because of their pacifist stance during World War I. In June 1919, New York state officials raided the Rand School of Social Science in New York, as well as the headquarters of the I. W. W. along with the Socialists.This raids were created by the New York legislature action that created the Lusk Committee. The idea behind this committee was anit-radical, and it's tactics spread nationwide very quickly. Even with the legislation in place, Attorney General Palmer complained that not enough was being done to deportees. Even though after the Red Scare, he argued for the release of a Socialist that was imprisoned during the Scare and during it he helped convict many. In August of 1919, Palmer created an intelligence department to deal with problems that originated with anarchists.He appointed J. Edgar Hoover to lead the new agency. One of the first assignments of this agency was to raid The Union of Russian Workers in New York. The Red Scare finally came to an end after a series of actions by high government officials. Assistant Secretary of Labor Louis F. Post began to reject most of the immigrant related cases that were brought to him. Even the Secretary of Labor himself, William B. Wilson turned against Palmer. Out of 6,000 warrants issued during the raids, less than 1,000 resulted in deportations.Even though everyone opposed his actions, he still had the dream of running for president. But He was never nominated. By 1920, the Red Scare, was disappearing and by 1921 it was virtually gone. The hysterical anti-radical outbreak in 1919 and 1920 was relatively short-lived but that it left its mark on immigration policy, labor relations, and Constitutional liberties that lasted for generations. Higham argues that the Scare grew out of a fear that a huge part of the American population during World War I derived from enemy territory