Analysis of Song of Solomon Essay - 1208 Words

Song of Solomon Significance of Title: Relates to the song about Milkman’s great grandfather, Solomon, also the name of last book in the Old Testament. Reveals underlying connections and message of novel. Setting: A city near Lake Superior, Not Doctor Street, Danville, Shalimar POV: Third person limited omniscient, Reader feels as if apart of cities and lifestyles, does not reveal all character thoughts. Plot: Begins with Mr. Smith about to jump from Mercy Hospital, Time skip to the Dead family, Macon Jr still breast fed at four years old by mother, Freddie (town crier) sees this, Macon Jr forever named Milkman, Time skip eight years, Milkman befriends Guitar, Both go to visit Pilate/Milkman’s aunt, They learn how to make soft†¦show more content†¦Peacock appears in moments of greed (Guitar gold discussion scene) Ghost Appearances- Pilate see’s Macon the 1st/Jake occasionally, Represents a guiding force, Pilate believes in supernatural, Contrasts with Milkmanâ€⠄¢s disbelief in superstition, Alludes to Milkman’s disconnect from life. Egg Recipe- Symbolizes Pilates openness and carefree demeanor, Contrasts with Milkman’s indifference, Milkman goes with the flow- does not let himself develop in peace. Also represents balance, Perfect egg requires balance and timing, Milkman lacks balance, Results in vain and inhumane personality. Birth Stories- Contains ties to supernatural elements, Conditions that cannot be controlled, Pilate born with no belly button, Results in independence and self-reliance. Reiterates idea of supernatural guiding forces. Lena’s Tree- Symbolizes Milkman’s debilitating effect of those close to him, Milkman ruins life of Corinthian, Represents Milkman’s lack of self-reliance, always dependent on others, Reveals Milkman’s arroganceShow MoreRelatedSong Of Solomon Character Analysis1415 Words   |  6 Pages Song of Solomon Topic #5 LAP Abid Ahmad Abid Ahmad 1 The names given to the characters in a book are in many cases the poetic insight to their role and their traits. In this manner, a character’s name can sometimes tell the reader more about them than any specific sentence in the book. This is very much the case with Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon. The characters in the book have names that directly correlate with their role and individual traits. This is the caseRead MoreAnalysis Of Song Of Solomon1366 Words   |  6 Pagesdark skinned and believe that race is what decides your social status therefore they become influenced by what they believe is correct and good. Others love their race and believe that it is there mission to even the racial ratio. In the novel Song of Solomon you get a perspective of everyone’s racial views. Racism touches and influences every characters life in different ways. Racial views causes the most calm and rational people to become cold hearted Murderers. Such acts can led one to bec ome desensitizedRead MoreSong Of Solomon Character Analysis1582 Words   |  7 Pageschallenged or put in perspective. In Song of Solomon by Toni Morrison, Macon Dead the Third, nicknamed Milkman, is the embodiment of someone who is coming of age. Milkman is unaware of who he is and he must come to face with stumbling drawbacks in order to pursuit on who he is as an individual. In search of this there’s no incertitude, that you must reflect on yourself personally and socially to apprehend who you desire to be. In Song of Solomon, Milkman experiences various changesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Song Of Solomon Essay2260 Words   |  10 PagesThe Song of Solomon is a series of love poems between two young lovers. It is a part of the third section of the Hebrew Bible. This text was most likely written in the time of Solomon, around the mid 10th century BC, or soon thereafter. Although, the date of its origin is disputed. Authorship of this text is ambiguous although some believe that this text is dedicated to Solomon. This text, although brief, has been widely studied in both the Jewish and Christian traditions. This song has been interpretedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel The Song Of Solomon 1540 Words   |  7 Pagesfactors of growth and maturity. The former children go from self-centered, and blind to the outside world, to cultivated men who understand what it means to represent their kin and who can learn from what their predecessors have endured. The novel â€Å"Song Of Solomon† piggybacks this concept by following the journey of a black man from his birth to his rebirth which gracefully intertwines many of the lessons and falls he encounters throughout his adventure. By the end of the novel, Milkman (Macon Dead III)Read MoreSong Of Solomon Literary Analysis770 Words   |  4 PagesSong of Solomon, an African American literature, by Toni Morrison written in 1977, is about Macon Dead who observes his estranged sister, Pilate, and her family from a distance. Macon and Pilate have a re mote relationship. It appears that Pilate and her family do not recall the existence of Macon instead, he is a past recollection. Despite Pilate and the familys isolated correlation, Macon acknowledges their presence and existence, looking through the window from the outside, he begins reminiscingRead MoreSong Of Solomon Milkman Analysis1097 Words   |  5 PagesToni Morrison wrote Song of Solomon based off of her personal life and her love for African American culture. Morrison’s personal beliefs and values are widely expressed all throughout the novel, with the main center around flight as a means of personal salvation. Rooted in the 1950’s through the 1970’s, a time of racial tensions and segregation, Macon Dead III, also known as Milkman, learns the importance of his history and embraces flight. Morrison’s depth of thought was very complex as she depictedRead MoreSong Of Solomon Literary Analysis1163 Words   |  5 Pagesin those following years. Ji m Crow laws separated blacks and whites in public areas. Song of Solomon by Tori Morrison demonstrated the diverse lives black communities live, with multiple symbolisms of racial prejudice and segregation. Lower or extending a monthly rent, Emmitt Till being murdered as well as lower and higher selfish incomes are racial prejudices and segregation Morrison describes. Song of Solomon is based between 1930s and 1960s. Morrison’s main protagonists are predominantly blackRead MoreAnalysis Of Robert Smith And Solomon All In Song Of Solomon1267 Words   |  6 Pagessuicide, escape and abandonment as a way to â€Å"fly away† from the horrors faced in their life. It changed the normally depressing action into a heroic one and gave hope of a day when they too could leave oppression. Milkman, Robert Smith and Solomon all In Song of Solomon, selective perception of flying is used to portray escape from the burdens placed on the African American community. The book begins with Robert Smith, a member of the Seven Days jumping off â€Å"No Mercy Hospital† the day Milkman is bornRead MoreSong of Solomon Milkman Character Analysis1288 Words   |  6 PagesIn Song of Solomon Toni Morrison tells a story of one black mans journey toward an understanding of his own identity and his African American roots.   This black man, Macon Milkman Dead III, transforms throughout the novel from a naà ¯ve, egocentric, young man to a self-assured adult with an understanding of the importance of morals and family values.   Milkman is born into the burdens of the materialistic values of his father and the weight of a racist society.   Over the course of his journey into

The Concept of the Individual in Literature of the...

This essay will explore how the newly important concept of the individual in literature of the Romantic period influenced the genre, and in particular how this was a response to the rationalization of nature and neglect of the individual upheld by the Enlightenment Movement. In order to demonstrate this, a close analysis of some poetic works by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth and William Blake will be examined. The Romantic period placed great importance on creativity, imagination and the value of the self, Wordsworth and Coleridge were particularly influential in Britain with regards to the burgeoning of the movement. The movement of romanticism and its concern with the importance of the individual was the†¦show more content†¦We as readers are also allowed access to his imagination and inner progress of thought. The second stanza reflects on childhood experiences and how the sight of the ‘stranger the soot on the bars, reminded him of the fluttering film on the grate he watched as a schoolboy. The memories Coleridge has of his schooldays he recalls somewhat ruefully as he clearly felt disconnected from nature and almost trapped in the city within which he lived, especially after his early memories of the countryside of Devon in which he resided as an infant; With unclosed lids, already had I dreamt Of my sweet birth-place, and the old church-tower, Whose bells, the poor mans only music, rang From morn to evening, all the hot Fair-day, (Coleridge Complete Poetical Works, pg 240) The reflections that Coleridge describes with such poetic intensity is an exploration of the individual. Michael Alexander writes that ‘Imagination was for the Romantics a means of access to truths which were psychic not rational (A History of English Literature, pg 223) Coleridges inner thoughts are portrayed with the vivid use of his imagination and exploration of his psychic depth in order to not only paint a mental picture of his landscape but to also enable his readers access to his past, present and hopes for the future. William Blake was also a Romantic writer that was essential to the exploration of the individual in Romantic Literature, he was deeplyShow MoreRelatedRomanticism : The Age Of Reason1210 Words   |  5 Pagesfine arts and literature that focuses on passion imagination and intuition rather than emphasizing on reason and logic. There are no restraints or order in Romanticism; complete spontaneous actions are welcome in this style of writing. Romanticism, or also known as the â€Å"The Romantic Period†, refers to the cultural movements that occurred in England, Europe, and America from 1770 to the 1860s. In this literary period, romantic writers saw themselves revolting against another period called the â€Å"AgeRead MoreThe Importance Of The Romantic Period And Feeling Melancholy1486 Words   |  6 Pages The Importance of the Romantic Period and Feeling Melancholy Romanticism; it s definitely a term that resembles some sort of soft, rose-tinted obscurity to its mysterious meaning. According to the online version of the Merriam-Webster dictionary, romanticism can be defined as a movement â€Å"characterized chiefly by a reaction against neoclassicism and an emphasis on the imagination and emotions†¦ an exaltation of the primitive and the common man, an appreciation of externalRead MoreThe Romantic Movement : The Influence Of The Romantic Era731 Words   |  3 Pagesvirtually any other social media would not exist as they do in 2016 without the influence of the Romantic Era. Though the Romantic Era occurred over 200 years ago, its characteristics are an intrinsic part of today’s culture and society. The Romantic Era was well know for attributes such as the feelings of intense emotion, individuality, imagination, and an ardour for the natural realm. The Romantic Movement aimed to overthrow the ideas of logic and order that Neoclas sicism, the era proceeding RomanticismRead MoreRomanticism in Music1653 Words   |  7 Pagesthe early twentieth century. Drastic changes in the arts took place over the course of this time period. During this movement, much emphasis was placed on emotion and imagination in the arts. Prior to the Romantic Period, music had been seen more as recreation and njoyment than as an integral part of culture. The term Romanticism was first used in England and Germany in reference to a form of literature. It soon after spread to music and the visual arts. Romanticism was largely a product of twoRead MoreRomanticism in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell by William Blake1393 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Blakes Poem William Blake was a poet, painter, and a printmaker all during the period in literature known as the Romantic time period. The Romantic time period, also known in Literature as Romanticism began in Europe, mainly France and Britain around the 1800s (Barker) and it was first defined as a tool to in literature and literary criticisms (Galitz). The Romantic period did not just focus on literature, but also on the subjects of art and knowledge which was fueled by the French RevolutionRead MoreWilliam Wordsworth s The Preface923 Words   |  4 Pagesrevolution was the publication of William Wordsworth’s â€Å"The Preface,† which was a part of the Lyrical Ballads, in which he stated his exact intentions for the Romantic Period of literature. This period exemplified the radical changes that were beginning to occur in Europe, as well as other places around the world. In general, writers of this period expressed themselves through the use of imagination and emotion instead of scholarly thoughts. In other words, they sought to use their inner eye in orderRead MorePeriods of English Literature1515 Words   |  7 Pagescenturies of literature have depicted a variety of mentalities and lifestyles. . Centuries could pass, and not many changes could be easily perceived by the common man, as those changes came gradually. Yet those changes can be readily discerned when looking at England as a whole, not looking at parts of history individually. The alterations of life, when looked at from a certain literary viewpoint, can be explained when one looks at the different periods in English literature, seeing the depictionsRead MoreRelationship Between Platonic And Romantic Relationships1477 Words   |  6 Pagestransition from childhood to emerging adulthood consists of a unique and distinctive period in an individual’s life regarding their network of platonic and romantic relationships. Extra-familial relationships become more central in an individual’s social world; thus, an individual’s capacity for intimate relationships begins to develop with both friends and romantic partners (Allen Land, 1999). Simultaneously, a romantic partner quickly becomes the focu s in one’s relationship hierarchy (Collins vanRead MoreThe Historical Events Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1595 Words   |  7 Pagesranked as literature; or it may start off as literature and then come to be valued for its archaeological significance† (Eagleton 7). As British philosopher, Terry Eagleton, eloquently explains, literature and history are deeply intertwined. Literature is heavily influenced by the history it is surrounded by; this sphere of influence includes prominent leaders, religions, wars, revolutions, and much more. Many classics show the influence of well-known historical events of their time period such as:Read MoreThe French Revolution Of The 18th Century907 Words   |  4 PagesRevolution marked the beginning of the Romantic Period, effectively inspiring poets to pursue raw emotion rather than logic or reason as in the previous age. In turn, the revolution gave great influence to several key social poets of the time such as Willi am Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge. Accordingly, these poets illustrated the ideals of these revolutionary beliefs to reach the public consciousness of their society through poetic portrayals of the individual achieving greatness or personal understanding

Innovation and Risk Management †Free Sample Assignment

Question: Discuss about the Innovation and Risk Management? Answer: Introduction In the following essay, a critical analysis has been conducted on the seven-dimension design of innovation strategy of one of the best innovative British company, Dyson Ltd. Founded by James Dyson in 1993, Dyson Ltd. deals with the manufacture of domestic equipments like bladeless fans, hand dryers, heaters and specially, vacuum cleaners (Rubalcaba et al. 2012). Dysons plan was to spend a large fraction of the profit on research and innovation of even better products rather than on advertising. Dyson understood that, even if products have a brand value, if quality decreases day by day, or some other company develops better quality products, the customers will not buy his products (Waller and Sag 2014). This essay is based on a critical study analyzing the innovation and management policies of Dyson Ltd., which have favored the meteoric rise of the company. This essay also analyzes the basic seven-fold innovation framework that forms the basis of innovation management of every company. Study on Innovation Strategy Framework The meteoric rise of Dyson Ltd. in global market owes to the fact that initially, James Dyson spent most of the profits on research and innovation studies. Although vacuum cleaners were available since 1901, James Dyson made a breakthrough by inventing the Dual Cyclone TM vacuum cleaner (Cassia et al. 2012). This new and efficient model easily attracted customers to buy from Dyson. A large share of the profit gained by the company was used to fund further research work and appointing new engineers. Dyson Ltd. has since kept firm control over the domestic electronics market, owing to its innovative and efficient models and cost-effective products (Rubalcaba et al. 2012). The company continues to research to innovate even better and modernized products and even working on the idea to mix regular domestic equipments with computer software technology (Stilgoe et al. 2013). According to various researchers and marketing analysts, there is a basic seven dimensional innovation framework (Smyth 2013). Every innovative company must follow this framework in order to achieve success in global market (Cassia et al. 2012). This seven-dimension framework is as follows: Strategic Innovation Procedure - According to a research conducted by Kiron et al. (2013), a strategic innovation management process is needed to analyze peoples needs and manufacture products according to them. In addition, planning should be made in order to innovate new products that might be needed by people in the future (Anderson et al. 2014). In order to keep pace with the competitors and changing global markets, this innovation strategy is necessary for any innovative company. This process generally involves both traditional and unconventional elements. It is used to analyze beyond market and consumer trends. It is also a standpoint of providing an important breakthrough including radical ideas, status challenges and advancement in the right path. This also involves a teamwork, which involves exchange of ideas, exploration, creative ideas, mediation and improvement in group-projects (Klionsky et al. 2012). Strategy Alignment - Alignment towards a fixed strategy policy is to be followed by stakeholders and higher authorities of the company (Zott and Amit 2015). This policy mainly involves maintaining the goals and guidelines policy as structured by the company. Another duty of the leaders is to motivate and encourage the workers to work more efficiently and manufacture products of the best possible quality. This will ultimately help the company to grow in international markets (Waller and Sag 2014). Foresight of Market Demands - As opined by Cassia et al. (2012), the most important part of the strategy for companies should be to foresee the future market demands and supply from industries. This will help the company to cope with the changing foreign markets and achieve global success (Smyth 2013). In addition, foreseeing market demands helps the company to undergo suitable changes to meet general needs (Klionsky et al. 2012). Consumer Insight - Consumer insight is necessary for the company to maintain a good customer base and meet the general needs of people. Regular supply of quality products helps the company to increase its customer base (Stilgoe et al. 2013). As opined by Owen et al. (2013), consumer insight is a qualitative approach that converts insights into actions. Generally an imaginative approach, it demands deep understanding of demands and proper innovations to fulfill such demands. Core Technology - This strategy includes utilization of latest technological devices by the company for the production of goods rather than sticking with old methods to maintain a brand value (Davenport 2013). This is needed to compete in a changing market demands and produce futuristic products to encourage customers to buy them. Organized Management - For any company to design a viable and successful marketing and production strategy, an organized management system is important. A suitable management system is also needed to operate the financial and production aspects of the company (Owen et al. 2013). There are three ways to achieve this cultural readiness, structural readiness and process readiness (Stilgoe et al. 2013). These refer to the readiness of the company by fixing a complete mindset regarding cultural, organizational and operational activities. Disciplined Approach - According to Kahn et al. (2012), the success of innovations and application strategies depend on the approach followed by a company. Success is only gained when the innovations are applied in a disciplined and strategic way in the international markets (Zott and Amit 2015). When a company has completed its quota of innovations roster, a new white and blank space is to be designed to pursue new directions in innovations and inventions (Tidd 2014). Every company should properly understand the differences between innovation and invention. Innovation is finding new possibilities to upgrade an existing product to increase its efficiency, quality and viability. On the other hand, invention refers to creating an entirely new product that was not available before (Cassia et al. 2012). A successful invention is the design of a new product that will be useful and cost efficient. In other words, invention is the formulation of a new product, while innovation is the application of a new idea to upgrade an existing product. Furthermore, innovation is necessary to present a product in an attractive package to attract customers (Kiron et al. 2013). Dyson Ltd. generally follows this seven-fold framework structure in addition to their own marketing and operational policies. The company, after gaining massive success worldwide, the company aims to execute a very risky and bold expansion plan for increasing brand value even more (Stilgoe et al. 2013). The company also aims to appoint more than 3000 new engineers and experienced designers at its services to promote growth. In addition, the company has already taken initiative by buying several hardware and software analysts, which has increased the size of the engineering team of the company (Tidd 2014). Dyson Ltd. have also set up a new robotic research lab as a part of its innovation development program (Rubalcaba et al. 2012). Dyson also bought rights of a LED lighting company that acted separately even if it was a subsidiary to Dyson Ltd (Klionsky et al. 2012). All these activities are indications that Dyson Ltd. had everlasting plans for innovations and growth, and in addition to it, gain even more share in the global market. Unlike other multinational successful companies, Dyson did not have a particular and unique product to start with, rather, it started by upgrading an already existing product. For this reason, the life span of the company initially depended on the success of their innovative ideas (Cassia et al. 2012). While some companies emphasize on designs only for the sake of it, Dyson emphasizes on designs of products only if they increase the quality and efficiency of the product (Stilgoe et al. 2013). Currently, the company has decided to add a touch of software design and computerized programming to the general domestic products like vacuum cleaner and others (Davenport 2013). One example of its successful application is the new 360 Eye Vacuum Cleaner, which is termed as a robotic vacuum cleaner by some researchers. This 360 Eye is a giant leap by Dyson in the field of innovation (Owen et al. 2013). In general, the innovation policies of companies are driven by several factors. These are discussed as follows: Market regulations regarding unique products are to be reduced. This helps in expansion of business and provides opportunity to supply more incentives for innovation research. In addition, more foreign investments can be implemented, increasing funds for research and an opportunity to reach a foreign market (Davenport 2013). There should be a stable macro economy in addition to low rates of interest. This accelerates the growth of innovation research, since this creates a stable and cost-friendly environment for adequate investment (Kahn et al. 2012). External and internal finances should be kept available for successful operation of research (Cassia et al. 2012). An expansion should be supported for public research. This is important to support business in sector research, although this will involve employment of a huge work force (Kiron et al. 2013). In any case, the key strategy question remains how to strike a proper harmony between giving motivations and prizes to workers and giving access of new information to clients. Over the later part, the equation has been moving more for right holders, in any event, mostly in response to changing conditions additionally as a planned move towards "genius IPR approaches". (Klionsky et al. 2012) These approaches have brought about specific accomplishments, for example, the advancement of innovation moves in colleges that have advanced protection policy of open examination (Newman et al. 2013). Here comes the point of development of the biotech division, which would have been not conceivable without licenses on hereditary creations and the augmentation of funding based new companies, which generally depend on intellectual properties of individuals working for a company (Owen et al. 2013). James Dyson's story is mythical in entrepreneurship itself. According to Smyth (2013), the company strictly follows the policy of never say die. Certainly, this policy has been the recipe for success for Dyson, but might also be a good recipe for failure (if not executed properly). Dyson's early success can be attributed to its severe perseverance, but also to the commitment of funding for innovation and development programs (Estampe et al. 2013). James Dyson sometimes thinks of himself as an artist, and seemingly, that this is integral to his planning and strategies (Davenport 2013). According to James Dyson himself, if a regular customer buys a Dyson vacuum cleaner, according to regular statistics, more customers will be encouraged to buy similar product if the product works perfectly (Klionsky et al. 2012). This is the basic radical level of innovation, which is followed by Dyson Ltd. Dysons long-term investment plan continues even after a particular product has been sold to a regular customer (Smyth 2013). This includes an excellent and prompt customer care service, which is ready to help anytime if a customer faces some problems regarding the companys products (Kahn et al. 2012). The basic philosophy of Dyson Ltd. is to treat their customers in a good and prompt manner. Most of the electrical appliances companies hire external electrical service agents to address problems faced by customers (Owen et al. 2013). However, that is not the case for Dyson. They always ensure best help and advice for the customers. All these factors, which include marketing policies, strategies, innovation plans, funding for innovation research program for manufacture of modern and quality products, have led to the massive growth of the company (Kiron et al. 2013). Dyson Ltd. has established itself as one of the standout innovative companies in the whole world. Conclusion In spite of experiencing massive global success, several controversies arose regarding Dyson Ltd. and its chairperson Sir James Dyson. Although Dyson Ltd. had its own innovation strategy framework, the advertising campaigns conducted by the company was interpreted to be directly criticizing one of its rival companies. According to Dyson, teaching foreign students is like preparing the rivals to compete against themselves. For the growth and development of a multinational company like Dyson Ltd., the company officials and the chairperson himself should avoid these kinds of controversies, else these will enrage common people, and that would be a huge blow to the business of Dyson Ltd. in the global market. These activities of Dyson are thought to be secret marketing strategies of Dyson in order to gain success, compete against the rival companies and keep a strong control over global market without disclosing any strategy to anyone. References Anderson, N., Potocenik, K. and Zhou, J., 2014. Innovation and creativity in organizations a state-of-the-science review, prospective commentary, and guiding framework.Journal of Management,40(5), pp.1297-1333. Cassia, L., De Massis, A. and Pizzurno, E., 2012. Strategic innovation and new product development in family firms: An empirically grounded theoretical framework.International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior Research,18(2), pp.198-232. Davenport, T.H., 2013.Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. Estampe, D., Lamouri, S., Paris, J.L. and Brahim-Djelloul, S., 2013. A framework for analysing supply chain performance evaluation models.International Journal of Production Economics,142(2), pp.247-258. Kahn, K.B., Barczak, G., Nicholas, J., Ledwith, A. and Perks, H., 2012. An examination of new product development best practice.Journal of Product Innovation Management,29(2), pp.180-192. Kiron, D., Kruschwitz, N., Haanaes, K., Reeves, M. and Goh, E., 2013. The innovation bottom line.MIT Sloan Management Review,54(3), p.1. Kiron, D., Kruschwitz, N., Reeves, M. and Goh, E., 2013. The benefits of sustainability-driven innovation.MIT Sloan Management Review,54(2), p.69. Klionsky, D.J., Abdalla, F.C., Abeliovich, H., Abraham, R.T., Acevedo-Arozena, A., Adeli, K., Agholme, L., Agnello, M., Agostinis, P., Aguirre-Ghiso, J.A. and Ahn, H.J., 2012. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.Autophagy,8(4), pp.445-544. Newman, T.J., Agarwal, A., Dowling, A.P., Desvard, L. and Stimpson, R., 2013, June. A six sensor method for measuring acoustic properties in ducts. InProceedings of Meetings on Acoustics(Vol. 19, No. 1, p. 015085). Acoustical Society of America. Owen, R., Stilgoe, J., Macnaghten, P., Gorman, M., Fisher, E. and Guston, D., 2013. A framework for responsible innovation.Responsible innovation: managing the responsible emergence of science and innovation in society, pp.27-50. Rubalcaba, L., Michel, S., Sundbo, J., Brown, S.W. and Reynoso, J., 2012. Shaping, organizing, and rethinking service innovation: a multidimensional framework.Journal of Service Management,23(5), pp.696-715. Smyth, D., 2013. How is the scope of protection of a registered Community design to be determined?.Journal of Intellectual Property Law Practice, p.jpt004. Stilgoe, J., Owen, R. and Macnaghten, P., 2013. Developing a framework for responsible innovation.Research Policy,42(9), pp.1568-1580. Tidd, J., 2014. Conjoint innovation: Building a bridge between innovation and entrepreneurship.International Journal of Innovation Management,18(01), p.1450001. Waller, S.W. and Sag, M., 2014. Promoting innovation.Iowa L. Rev.,100, p.2223. Zott, C. and Amit, R., 2015. Business Model Innovation: Toward a Process Perspective.The Oxford Handbook of Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship, p.395.

Old age free essay sample

. INTRODUCTION Due to rapid, change in social life pattern and urbanization the institution of family, which is the main social institution, is broken down. The joint family system is rapidly diminishing which resulted in paramount socio economic problems. In Pakistan, more than 6,400 Million populations out of 150. 000 Million are over the age of 60 years. Therefore, it is the responsibility of state and need of the hour to give immediate care and support to old and infirm persons. In this context, Social Welfare Development Bait? ul? Maal Department, Government of the Punjab has initiated the scheme titled â€Å"Strengthening of Existing Old Age Homes and Establishment of 3 More Homes in Punjab†. The project was commenced in December 2005 and the actual completion date of the project was 30th June, 2012. The project was approved with an original planned cost of Rs. 216. 741 million and it was revised four times with planned cost of Rs. 103. 157 million, Rs. We will write a custom essay sample on Old age or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 127. 597 million, Rs. 123. 552 million and Rs. 216. 741 million respectively while the gestation period of the project increased to thirty six (36) months in final revision of the project. The actual cost of the project remained Rs. 216. 93266 million which is higher then the planned project cost in 4th revision of the project PC? I. The request for PC? IV evaluation of the project was submitted after the closure of the project on 7th November, 2012 to Directorate General of Monitoring Evaluation, Planning Development Department. 1. 1 THE EVALUATION REPORT: PURPOSE STRUCTURE This evaluation report is divided into five different parts. The first part starts with introduction giving details about the project domain and structure of the project evaluation report. The second part of this report focuses on evaluation methodology, followed by documents review, selection of performance indicators, project site visit plan etc. The third part of the report depicts the DGME’s assessment pertaining to the actual status of the project performance against its planned objectives and data analysis based on project cost. The fourth part of report consists of observations regarding the project activities made by the evaluation team of DGME, PD Department. The fifth and the most critical part reflect recommendations for effective use of project outcomes and resources. This section addresses the suggestions for improvement in project planning and execution as well as, 1 | P a g e identifying matters requiring follow up actions. The rationale for recommendations is clearly explained and linked with the information collected during evaluation. 1. 2 THE PROJECT Following is the project information as per PC? I PC? IV. Table 1: Project Brief Project Title Strengthening of Existing Old Age Homes And Establishment of 3 More Homes in Punjab Location Sahiwal, Narowal, T. T. Singh, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Multan Sponsoring Ministry/ Agency Department of Social Welfare Bait? ul? Maal, Department Punjab. Execution Agency (s) Directorate General of Social Welfare, Bait? ul? Maal , Department Punjab Operation Maintenance Department of Social Welfare and Bait? ul? Maal Punjab PC ­I Original cost 216. 741 Million PC ­1 Revised cost (2006 ­2007) 103. 157 Million PC ­2nd Revised cost (2009 ­2010) 127. 597 Million PC ­3rd Revised cost (2009 ­2010) 123. 552 Million PC ­4th Revised cost (2011 ­2012) 216. 741 Million PC ­IV Actual Cost 216. 93266 Million Planned Start Date 22nd December, 2005 Planned End Date June 2008 Revised End Date June 2012 Actual End Date June 2012 Beneficiaries Old age and shelter less people 2 | P a g e 1. 3 PROJECT OBJECTIVES Department of Social Welfare strives for the welfare development of all segments of population Department of Social Welfare has established many Institutions for orphans, homeless and shelter less etc persons. This scheme is also in continuation of department’s ambition to expand the network of old age homes for male and female in the whole province. The following objectives were defined in the PC? I of the project: 1) Strengthening of existing Old Age Homes of Lahore, Multan Rawalpindi by providing these homes with least equipment, furniture and additional staff so that these homes may develop a better service delivery system. 2) Establishment of 3 new Old Age Homes at the district of Narowal, Sahiwal T. T. Singh. 3) To provide facilities like boarding loading, food, clothes, regular medical Checkup recreational services to inmates. 4) To provide Counseling Services. 5) To establish Senior citizen`s club through active involvement of community members. 6) Technical/vocational skill development training in collaboration with the other social welfare institutions. 3 | P a g e 2. METHODOLOGY Following criteria has been use to carry out evaluation of the project as elaborated in flow chart as given in Figure 1; 2. 1 TEAM FORMATION Evaluation team was constituted in a meeting held in the office of DGME for evaluation of the project having expertise in project’s domain, data collection methods, data analysis and interpretation along with preparation of evaluation report. The project was assign to Mr. Majid Ali Khan, Statistical Data Processor for evaluation purposes. 2. 2 DOCUMENTS REVIEW Following project documents, evaluation tools and techniques were consulted. 1. Planning Commission Form? I (PC? I, Original Revised) of the Project 2. Planning Commission Form? IV (PC? IV) of the Project 2. 3 IDENTIFICATION OF KEY INDICATORS Project performance parameters are defined in the following term; i) Project cost ii) Project time duration iii) Project achievements against its per approved objectives targets †¢ Enrollment of Old inmate (50 males 50 female) †¢ Facilities like boarding loading, food, clothes, regular medical Checkup †¢ Pre? vocational/technical skill development †¢ Counseling Services †¢ Establishment of Senior citizen`s club 2. 4 PROJECT SITE VISITS The randomly selected project sites were visited by the Evaluation Team of the Directorate General, Monitoring Evaluation, Planning Development Department for data collection evaluation purposes on July 22nd November, 2012 and 5th December, 2012. Detail has been given in the ensuing paragraph; 4 | P a g e Table 2: Plan for Evaluation along with detail of Team Members SR # 1. 2. LOCATION/DISTRICT DATE OF VISITS Existing Old Age Home (Multan) 22. 11. 2012 New Old Age Home (Narowal) 05. 12. 2012 TEAM MEMBERS 1. Muhammad Azhar (System Administrator) 2. Majid Ali Khan (Statistical Data Processor) 3. Muhammad Asif (Data Entry Operator) 1. Majid Ali Khan (Statistical Data Processor) 2. Muhammad Asif (Data Entry Operator) 2. 5 INTERVIEWS WITH PROJECT OFFICIALS The interviews and telephonic conversation were conducted with the following project official. Table 3: Detail of the Project Officials interviewed SR # NAME DESIGNATION DEPARTMENT CONTACT # 1 Ms. Sofia Shahida Research Officer Social Welfare 0334? 4365276 2 Mr. Javed Butt DEO, Narowal Office Official Social Welfare 0346? 4484836 5 | P a g e Fig 1: Flow chart/ Schematic diagram for project evaluation 6 | P a g e 3. DGME ASSESSMENT The DGME assessment has been carried out regarding planned objectives as well as planned targets of the project as following:? Table 4: DGME Assessment of Planned Objective/Targets ACTIVITIES/TARGETS DGME ASSESSMENT †¢ Strengthening of existing Old Age Homes of Lahore, Multan Rawalpindi by providing these homes with least equipment, furniture and additional staff so that these homes may develop a better service delivery system Partially Achieved †¢ Establishment of 3 new Old Age Homes at the district of Narowal, Sahiwal T. T. Singh Achieved †¢ Facilities like boarding loading, food, clothes, regular medical Checkup recreational services Partially Achieved †¢ Counseling Services Partially Achieved †¢ Senior citizen`s club through active involvement of community members Not Achieved †¢ Technical/vocational skill development training in collaboration with the other social welfare institutions Not Achieved 3. 1 PROJECT COST ANALYSIS 1. Total Planned Cost (Original): †¢ Capital Cost Rs. †¢ Revenue Cost Rs. TOTAL 67. 700 Million 149. 041 Million Rs. 216. 741 Million 2. Total Planned Cost (1st Revised): †¢ Capital Cost Rs. 67. 700 Million †¢ Revenue Cost Rs. 35. 457 Million TOTAL Rs. 103. 157 Million 3. Total Planned Cost (2nd Revised): †¢ Capital Cost Rs. 67. 700 Million †¢ Revenue Cost Rs. 59. 897 Million TOTAL Rs. 127. 597 Million 4. Total Planned Cost (3rd Revised): 7 | P a g e †¢ †¢ Capital Cost Rs. 70. 165 Million Revenue Cost Rs. 53. 387 Million TOTAL Rs. 123. 552 Million 5. Total Planned Cost (4th Revised): †¢ Capital Cost Rs. 67. 700 Million †¢ Revenue Cost Rs. 149. 041 Million TOTAL Rs. 216. 741 Million 6. Total Expenditure: †¢ Capital Exp. Rs. 80. 15266 Million †¢ Revenue Exp. Rs. 136. 78 Million TOTAL Rs. 216. 93266 Million Table 5: Financial Phasing as per PC ­I, Allocation and Actual Expenditure (Rs. in millions) as per PC ­IV % age Utilization on Releases 2. 000 1. 600 80% 25. 000 25. 000 23. 312 93. 248% 22. 000 22. 000 22. 000 19. 614 89. 15% 2008? 09 28. 000 28. 000 19. 818 16. 511 83. 31% 2009? 10 37. 854 37. 854 37. 854 39. 572 104. 54% 2010? 11 13. 120 13. 120 13. 120 24. 543 187. 06% 2011? 12 12. 017 12. 017 12. 017 11. 628 96. 76% TOTAL 139. 017 M 139. 017 M 131. 809 M 136. 78 M 103. 771% Year PC ­I Phasing PSDP Allocation Releases 2005? 06 2. 000 2. 000 2006? 07 25. 000 2007? 08 Expenditure 8 | P a g e 45 5 40 0 Amount in Rs. Millions 35 5 Relea ases Expenditure as E s per PC ­IV 30 0 25 5 20 0 15 5 10 0 5 0 2005 ­06 2006 ­07 2007 ­08 2008 ­09 2009 ­10 2010 ­11 2011 ­12 Years Fig 2. Year? w F wise Allocat tion, Release es and Expe enditures Table 6: : Items ­wis se Planned Actual Expenditure es (Only pr rovided dat ta for 2009 9 ­10) (Rs s. In Millions) PC C ­I ACTUAL L % AGE OF SR # ITE EMS ESTIM MATES UTILIZATION UTILIZATION Employee r E related 1 842. 16% Expenses E 1. 3 308 1. 101545 5 Purchase of P f Furniture 2 118. 26% Fixture F 7. 3 317 8. 65284 4 3 P Purchase of f Physical 153. 32% Assets A 2. 1 129 3. 264276 6 4 P Purchase of f Transport (including P P. O. L, repair r 64. 85% maintena ance) 21. .74 14. 09888 8 TOTAL L 31. 4 494 37. 0314 4 117. 58% Transpor rt (including P. O O. L, repair maintenance) ) Purchase of Phy P ysical Assets Purc chase of Furnitur re Fixture E Employee relate ed Expenses ACTUAL UT TILIZATION 0 5 10 1 PC ­I Estimates 15 20 25 Am mount in Rs. Mil llions Fig 3: Pe ercentage Sh hare of Item ms? wise Exp penditures 9 | P a g e 4. OBSERVATIONS Terminal Evaluation of the project has revealed many facts and figures about the project. The observations regarding overall project activities are given in ensuring paragraphs:? 4. 1 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 1. The project was initiated at its original cost of Rs. 216. 741 million and revised for planned cost of Rs. 103. 157 million, Rs. 127. 597 million, Rs. 123. 552 million and Rs. 216. 741 million in 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th revision respectively. Initially project was conceived with four year gestation period but it was revised for further three years extension in gestation period for the year 2009? 2012. The actual utilization (up to June, 2012) of the project remained Rs. 216. 93266 million as per PC? IV document which is approximately higher than the approved cost (i. e. 2nd Revision cost). Department should justify the issue. 2. The frequent revisions in times and cost reflects poor planning management and non? professional handling of the scheme. There was no substantial change in scope of work that could have warranted extension or revision of scheme. Project with initial gestation period of 48 months was completed in 72 months. 3. While initiating the project activities, 50 boarders male along? with 50 female (total 100 per home) were proposed to be accommodated in these newly established Old Age Homes, but the enrollment of inmates against the overall project period e. g. 2005? 2012 remained very low (avg. 23 per home), while carrying out the project analysis as per PC? I. 4. All the planned targets/activities have been poorly performed under the development phase of the project. But it is strictly required to meet the planned objectives in its right way especially by up? grading the standard of boarding/lodging at Home for Old Age Home inmates and providing them a familiar and healthy environment. 5. Project activities and objectives such as regular medical checkup and recreational services, counseling services, establishment of senior citizen`s club, technical/vocational training in collaboration with the other social welfare institutions was not achieved. 10 | P a g e 6. A post of Psychologist (part time) and Doctor (part time) remained vacant throughout the project life which was the most important objective of the project, because at the time of admission the individuals were supposed to be examined by these professionals to check the physical health contagious disease of the intakes. 7. Project resources e. g. vehicle for facilitating old mates at both centers procured under the scheme was not delivered to project site. This disturbs the overall planning mechanism of project. Resources procured under the project should be utilized by the beneficiaries of the same project to get intended impact of development funds. 8. Furniture Fixture and Machinery Equipment procured under this project was of very poor quality. Material and items were not purchased in accordance to the specifications, specified in PC? I documents e. g. Sony TV was supposed to be purchased but TV of an unknown Chinese brand was purchased and placed at these Old Age Homes. Moreover, furniture was not made of Shisham and was in degraded condition, unlike specified in PC? I. Moreover, Washing Machines were purchased and provided to the beneficiaries instead of the Washing Plant as mentioned in the approved PC? I as well as in PC? IV. Department needs to investigate the issue through a Formal Inquiry and fix the responsibility of fault resulting loss to the public exchequer and accordingly appropriate recovery should be made from responsible person. 9. On page 4 of the PC? IV in section 11, total 131. 8 Million rupees were released to this project in seven years, however, total expenditure of 136. 78 Million rupees were made during total gestation period of project. Department needs to explain this issue in evaluation committee meeting and justify how expenditure can be more than releases of the project. 11 | P a g e 4. 2 OLD AGE HOME (MULTAN) OBSERVATION The evaluation team visited the office of the Social Welfare Officer, Old Age Home at Community Centre Building, Multan to assess various project activities like its physical targets, free of cost boarding facilities etc. Evaluation of the project has revealed many facts and figures about the project. The main observations regarding overall project activities are given in ensuing paragraphs:? 1. According to PC? I, 50 males and 50 females inmates were supposed to be facilitated in these old age home but actually only seven inmates including one female were found at the time of visit. Moreover, hygienic conditions were also found very unsatisfactory. Furthermore, the Old Age Home building, currently located in a building which is very poor in condition and shifted from the new building which was located in industrial area. 2. It was observed that Machinery Equipment and Furniture Fixture procured under this project at this site were partially installed and functional and remaining items were placed in stores in its original packing e. g. furniture/fixture, refrigerator. Moreover, purchased items and material was also of not good quality. Microwave oven (01), electric water cooler (02), Installation of telephone, wheel chairs (03), Air cooler (06), Iron (03), book shelves (06), and many other facilities for residential block were found missing. Most of the Machinery/equipment are stored in the industrial area building which is much far away from the existing building and items which are stored is not in use and still worthless. Department needs to justify the issue. 3. It was also observed during site visit that store rooms consisting two large halls at industrial area building about 20 Km far away from Old Age Home were found full with the inventory, e. g. Machinery Equipment, Furniture Fixture as well as the items lying idle even against the vacant seats of inmates is representing the embellished